ABSTRACT
Background: Anemia is defined as a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration of blood, which accordingly decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells such that they are unable to meet the body's physiological requirements. Numerous reports have specified that anemia customarily occurs in patients with diabetes with renal insufficiency whereas limited studies have described the occurrence of anemia in people with diabetes prior to indication of renal impairment. Other studies have similarly recognized anemia as a risk factor for the need for renal replacement treatment in diabetes. Understanding the pathogenesis of anemia allied with diabetes can lead to the development of interventions to optimize results in these patients
Purpose: The purpose of this study was consequently to determine the pervasiveness of anemia among patients with type 2 diabetes
Materials and Methods: A total of 50 [25 with type 2 diabetes and 25 controls] participants were enlisted for the current study. Participants' blood samples were analyzed for fasting blood glucose, full blood count and renal function tests among others. The pervasiveness of anemia was then determined statistically
Results: A high incidence of anemia was perceived in the cases. Of the patients with diabetes, 85% had a hemoglobin concentration that was significantly less [males 10.88 +/- 1.78 and females 10.32 +/- 1.52] compared to that of controls [males 14.16 +/- 1.82 and females 12.49 +/- 1.11]. A significantly increased fasting blood glucose, urea, sodium, potassium, and calcium ions were observed in the cases [8.02 +/- 1.28, 5.21 +/- 2.01, 141.08 +/- 7.01, 4.84 +/- 0.49 and 1.51 +/- 0.28 respectively] as compared to the controls [4.57 +/- 0.52, 3.61 +/- 2.09, 134.86 +/- 6.75, 4.38 +/- 0.61 and 1.31 +/- 0.31 respectively]. Finally, a significant association between hemoglobin concentration and fasting blood glucose was also observed in the cases
Conclusions: The findings suggest that a high incidence of anemia is likely to occur in patients with poorly controlled diabetes and in patients with diabetes and renal insufficiency
ABSTRACT
Background: Prevention of smoking is a key strategy to improve general health. However, survey data from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia have indicated that a large number of female medical students are addicted to smoking despite the knowledge of its harmful effects. This article comparatively explores the impact of smoking on health among female medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected as part of a program of qualitative and quantitative research investigating the prevalence of smoking among female medical students
Objectives: To study the prevalence of smoking among females in the college of Ibn Sina and it is impact on their health in relation to personal and family character, CAP knowledge attitude and practice, and association of medical condition as chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma
Methods: The study was conducted among female's students attending college of Ibn Sina-Jeddah-Saudi Arabia. An open-ended questionnaire was developed to cover the objectives
Conclusion: This study indicated that across the targeted sites, the descriptions made by female smokers about the harmful impact of smoking on their health were often vague. After assessment of the risk factor and variables that may increase prevalence of smoking among medical students, the prevalence of smoking was only 7.95% and used to practice smoking habit despite the knowledge of its side effects