Paraspinal Ganglioneuromain an Adolescent with Painless Scoliosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Adolescent scoliosis secondary to ganglioneuroma is a rare entity with a clinical presentation mimicking adolescent idiopathic scoliosis that can lead to delayed or misdiagnosis. We present this case with a literature review to illustrate the importance of careful evaluation of the clinical and radiological findings in reaching a proper, timely mannered diagnosis. Clinical and radiological evaluation with a keen eye for signs of the atypical curve and radiological abnormalities on plain films and getting more detailed imaging with CT and MRI would lead to earlier diagnosis of secondary causes of scoliosis and direct proper treatment plan.

Literature Review on Prophylaxis of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

Background: Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) and subsequent Pulmonary Embolism (PE) are one of the mosteminent causes of preventable deaths in nosocomial settings. The prevalence is increasing and they have variableclinical presentations encountered in community settings as well as hospitalized patients requiring timely andobligatory prophylaxis. Objective: This study aims to review prophylactic measures for deep venousthrombosis/pulmonary embolism highlighting implemented pharmacologic and mechanical interventions, newerand yet investigational techniques such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation towards reducing prevalence ofvenous thromboembolism. Materials and Methods: A review of relevant articles published between the years of2000 to 2019 in English language was done using the databases of PubMed Pico, Google Scholar and Google,using the predetermined keywords. Conclusion: Venous thromboembolism prevalence is increasing and amongthe various available methods for thromboprophylaxis, pharmacologic approach is the most superior whichinvolves making use of either unfractioned or low molecular weight heparin although the most efficacious is lowmolecular weight heparin as evidenced by several meta-analyses. Anticoagulants have numerous side effectsleading to limitations of their use and in such situations, mechanical methods such as intermittent pneumaticcompression (most effective), graduated compression stockings, and venous foot pump scan can be used. Incircumstances where both medicines and mechanical approach become impractical, neuromuscular electricalstimulation can be implemented even though additional research is required to further elucidate its efficacy andimplications.

Literature Review on Patient Demographics, Risk Factors and Causative Agents of Otomycosis

Background: Otomycosis can be defined as a fungal infection of the external auditory canal, frequentlyencountered in the general otolaryngology department. Otomycosis is more commonly reported in hot andhumid climates and various individual as well as environmental factors predispose to this infection. Otomycosisis not only a prevalent condition but also follows a set patterns in patient demographics, predisposing factorsand, causative pathogens, which we aim to explore in this review. Objectives: In this review, we intend to shedlight on the prevalence of otomycosis, along with the characteristics of patients that are most commonlypresented with this condition including age, gender, occupation, socioeconomic class, as well as complains. Wealso aim to elucidate the various predisposing risk factors that increase the likelihood of contracting otomycosisand explore the usually encountered pathogenic causes. Materials and Methods: A review of relevant articlespublished between the years of 1975 to 2019 in English language was done using the databases of PubMed Pico,Google Scholar and Google, using the predetermined keywords. Conclusion: Otomycosis is a prevalent fungalear infection mostly seen in young patients between the ages of 21-30 years. Otomycosis mostly involves oneear, and bilateral involvement is mostly observed in immunodeficient patients. The most frequently reported riskfactors include self-cleaning of ears with objects such as Q-tips, wooden sticks, metal pickers, instillation ofmustard oil in ears, undue use of antibiotic ear drops, and swimming. Otomycosis causative organism isespecially Aspergillus and Candida while concomitant bacterial infection can be seen in several cases ofotomycosis, the most common implicated bacteria being staphylococcus aureus. This literature reviewhighlights the need for education to eradicate the aforementioned predisposing risk factors to reduce theincidence of otomycosis.

Literature Review on Pathogenesis and Treatment of Depression

Background: Among various psychiatric disorders, depression is one of the most frequently encountered intoday’s world. Depression confers a significant risk of recurrence in the subsequent years following the firstepisode. In order to deal this disorder, it is crucial to comprehend the pathogenesis and properly implement theavailable management options. Objectives: We intend to explore the pathogenesis and patho-physiology ofdepression and highlight the available methods to treat and manage this psychiatric disorder including bothpharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Methods: A review of relevant articles published from 1988 till date inEnglish language was done using the electronic databases of PubMed, Pico and, Google Scholar with presetkeywords. Conclusion: Depression is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder that requires a multidimensionalapproach. The pathogenesis of depression comprises of 30-40% genetic contribution and about 60-70%environmental factors. Environmental factors include stressful life events at any point in an individual’s lifetimeand alter the stress response by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The patho-physiology of depressioninvolves altered brain structure and function in addition to modified levels of neurotransmitters. Serotonin andits precursor tryptophan are decreased in the brain in depression in addition to various changes incatecholamines i.e. dopamine and norepinephrine. The treatment of depression is recommended by acombination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy which has higher efficacy than either therapy alone. Thepreferred forms of psychotherapy include interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Themost commonly used pharmacotherapy include SSRIs, which are the most efficacious and tolerableantidepressants while other second generation antidepressants such as SNRI, TCA and MOA inhibitors,mirtazapine and trazodone are chosen on the basis of patient preference, cost, comorbidities and side effectprofile.

Study factors affecting academic achievement among female students at Ibn Sina national college

Background: A good social environment is a key strategy to improve the level of education and achievement in medical college students. However, survey data from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia have indicated that a large number of medical students are affected negatively by their social status. This article comparatively explores the impact of four main factors: Social class/Background, Students' Personality, Health Status, and Psychological health on their achievement. Data were collected as part of a program of qualitative and quantitative research investigating the prevalence of bad environment effect on the psychological level of the students

Objectives: To study the four main factors Social class/Background, Students' Personality, Health Status, and Psychological health affecting academic achievement among Female Students at Ibn Sina National College

Methods: The study was conducted among 1315 female students attending colleges of Ibn Sina-Jeddah-Saudi Arabia between 1[st] of April - 31[th] of May 2016. An open-ended questionnaire was developed to cover the objectives

Conclusion: After assessment of the factors and variables across the targeted sites about the academic achievement were often conclude that overall achievement were very good regardless the factor