ABSTRACT
Injection of gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and gram positive bacteria Bacillus thuringeinsis into 5th larval instar of silkworm, Bombyx mori, induced free amino acids [FAAs] in the haemolymph. The present result reveled that infection with both bacteria caused significant decrease in the mean weight of larvae especially at 132 and 156 hrs from the injection. The silk gland weights in mature larvae were also affected. Analysis of free amino acids showed significant increase in amino acids concentration in the infected larvae with both bacteria, where the concentrations of 11 amino acids were increased especially after 48 hr of infection as well as reducing in some amino acids
This increase of FAAs leads to produce antibacterial peptides as immunity response against both bacteria
ABSTRACT
The effect of some honey bee products; royal jelly[RJ], pollen[P], propolis[Pr] and honey[H] tested as food additives, on several biological and physiological parameters of the 5[th] larval instar of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L were studied. The addition of the above mentioned products at different concentrations, either separate or in combination increased weights of mature larvae, pupae, silk gland, fresh cocoons and cocoon shells. Larvae fed on mulberry leaves treated with RJ showed maximum increase in weights followed by pollen and then propolis. The treatments with honey bee the above products were associated with significant increases of the total hacmolymph protein, the CA surface area, the total haemocyte count and the different haemocytes counts
ABSTRACT
The physiological and genetical effects of spinosad and emamectin benzoate were studied on the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis [Boisduval] [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]. The effect of these two insecticides, on the total and different haemocytes count of the 5[th] instar larvae of S. littoralis [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] were evaluated. Results revealed that emamectin benzoate at LC[25] and LC[50] values decreased the total haemocytes counts [THCs] to 55.8% and 52%, respectively. In this respect, spinosad decreased the THCs to about 22.4% and 24.4%, respectively. The six haemocyte types identified as prohaemocytes [pr], granulocytes [gr], non-granulocytes [n-gr], plasmatocytes [pl], oenocytes [oe] and spherule [sph] cells were monitored. Generally, all the tested concentrations of emamectin benzoate decreased the counts of all the haemocyte types. However, the application of spinosad increased the pr, pl, oe and sph. While it dercreased both n-gr and gr. Spinosad and emamectin benzoate have had an effect on the larval DNA. Presence and absence of several bands were observed, as well as differences in the band intensity among the treatments. The toxicological profile of the tested pesticides described herein characterizes their effects on S. littoralis larval DNA. Results clearly proved that pesticides treatments induce DNA strand fragmentations at different sites when compared with the untreated check. In addition, the fluctuations occurred in THCs and translation systems represented in DNA were ongoing on the same direction. These results have drawn a new proposed mode of action to those friendly environmental promising compounds