Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis among women with diabetes mellitus in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Background: Diabetes mellitus predisposes to both bacterial and fungal infections, including Candida species. Hitherto, Candida albicans has been identified as the most common opportunistic pathogen among patients with diabetes mellitus. More recently, Non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species are increasingly recognized as the cause of candida infections.Objective: To determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) as well as the species of Candida frequently identified among women with diabetes mellitus in Ibadan, Nigeria.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 213 women diagnosed with diabetes mellitus was carried out in 2010. Direct microscopy and fungal cultures of high vaginal swabs were done using Sabouraud--Dextrose Agar and ChromAgar.Results: The prevalence of VVC among 213 women with diabetic mellitus was 18.8% (40/213). The predominant Candida species isolated were Candida glabrata (30.0%), C. albicans and C. tropicalis (17.5%) each and C. Gulliermondii (15.0%). Diabetic women had higher rates of moderate and heavy growth of Candida density. Twenty-nine (72.5%) patients with candidiasis were symptomatic and the most common symptom was vulval/vaginal itching 48.3% (14/29.Conclusion: This study put the prevalence rate of VVC among women with diabetes mellitus in Ibadan at 18.8%. The most common Candida species isolated was C.glabrata and majority of the patients were symptomatic

Pulmonary tuberculosis among health care workers at two designated DOTS Centers in urban city of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Background & objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) infection control interventions are not routinely implemented in many Sub-Saharan African countries including Nigeria. This study was carried out to ascertain the magnitude of occupationally-acquired pulmonary TB (PTB) among health care workers (HCWs) at two designated DOTS centers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: One year descriptive study (January-December 2008) was carried out at the University College Hospital and Jericho Chest Hospital, both located in Ibadan, Nigeria. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic data and other relevant information from the subjects. Three sputum samples were collected from each subject. This was processed using Zeihl-Neelsen (Z-N) stains. One of the sputum was cultured on modified Ogawa egg medium incubated at 37°C for six weeks. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was confirmed by repeat Z-N staining and biochemical tests. Results: A total of 271 subjects, 117 (43.2%) males and 154 (56.8%) females were studied. Nine (3.3%) had their sputum positive for acid fast bacilli (AFB) while six (2.2%) were positive for culture. The culture contamination rate was 1.8 per cent. Significantly, all the six culture positive samples were from males while none was obtained from their female counterparts. About half of the AFB positive samples were from subjects who have spent five years in their working units. Eight AFB positive cases were from 21-50 yr age group while students accounted for seven AFB positive cases. Interpretation & conclusions: The study shows that occupationally-acquired PTB is real in Ibadan. Further studies are needed to ascertain and address the magnitude of the problem.