ABSTRACT
@#Background: Most guidelines all over the world recommended metformin as the first-line treatment for in type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, the present study was suggested to assess the outcome of metformin administration and glycemic status on alterations in red blood cell (RBCs) indices as well as the oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: Between December 2016 and October of 2017, a total of 158 eligible individuals were classified as 50 healthy subjects and 108 diabetic patients who were subdivided into six groups according to the type of anti-diabetic treatments. Results: Overall, the results elucidated that hemoglobin concentration was markedly diminished, while red cell distribution width (RDW) value was significantly (P < 0.001) elevated in all diabetic groups as compared to control. Moreover, in all diabetic groups, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was elevated noticeably (P < 0.001), while reduced glutathione (GSH) revealed a lower concentration (P < 0.001) than that of control. Conclusion: The present study exhibited the amelioration effect of metformin administration on oxidative stress and glycemic status which reflected on some RBCs indices. However, hemoglobin concentration showed a noticeable diminution in all metformin-treated groups in spite of the improvement in glycemic and oxidative stress status which indicated that the metformin-induced anemia is independently from diabetic complications.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To examine the effect of infection with Enterovirus [EV] in children with type 1 diabetes [T1D] on the activities of serum antioxidant enzymes in diabetic and nondia-betic controls
Subjects and Methods: Three hundred and eighty-two diabetic and 100 nondiabetic children were tested for EV RNA using reverse transcriptase [RT]-PCR. The activities of serum superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and catalase [CAT] were also estimated in diabetic patients infected with EV [T1D-EV+], those not infected with EV [T1D-EV-] and in nondiabetic controls
Results: The frequency of EV was higher in diabetic children [100/382; 26.2%] than in healthy controls [0/100]. Levels of fasting blood glucose [FBG], glycosylated hemoglobin [HbAic] and C-reactive protein [CRP] were significantly higher but C-peptide was significantly lower in diabetic children than in controls. CRP levels were higher in the T1D-EV+ group than in the T1D-EV- group, and higher in all diabetic children than in nondiabetic controls. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes GPx, SOD, and CAT decreased significantly in diabetic children compared to in controls. Moreover, the activities of the enzymes tested were significantly reduced in the T1D-EV+ group compared to in the T1D-EV-group
Conclusion: Our data indicate that EV infection correlated with a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the T1D-EV+ group compared to in the T1D-EV-group; this may contribute to cell damage and increased inflammation
ABSTRACT
2-Nitropropane [2-NP] is an important industrial solvent and a component of cigarette smoke. It is mutagenic in bacteria and carcinogenic in rats.The liver is the target organ in 2-NP -treated rats. This study was conducted on 480 adult male and female albino rats to evaluate the genotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of 2-NP and to evaluate the protective role of alpha -tocophero L. The rats were divided into 8 groups equally. The 1[st] group: was used as a negative control group to measure the basic parameters; the 2[nd]. Group [positive control group]: Each rat was given 2 C.C. distilled water twice weekly by gavage for 12 weeks; the 3[rd] group: Each rat was given 2 C.C. corn oil daily by gavage for 13 weeks; the 4[th] group: Each rat was given; 2 C.C. corn oil containing alpha-tocopherol 100 mg/kg daily by gavage for 13 weeks; the 5[th] group: Each rat was given 2 C.C. distilled water containing 1/10 of the LD50 of 2-NP [50 mg/kg] twice weekly by gavage for 12 week.; the 6[th] group: Each rat was given alpha-tocopherol [100mg/kg] daily for 13 weeks and 2-NP [50 mg/kg] [started one week after the begining. of alpha-tocopherol] twice weekly by gavage for 12 weeks; the 7[th]. group: Each rat was given 2 C.C. distilled water containing 1/5 of the LD50 of 2-NP [l00mglkg] twice weekly by gavage for 12 weeks and the 8[th],. group: Each rat was given alpha-tocopherol [100mg/kg] daily for 13 weeks and 2-NP [I00 mg/kg] [started one week after the begining of alpha-tocopherol] twice weekly by gavage for 12 weeks. Every 4 weeks, 10 rats from each group were used for studying their chromosomal pattern and another 10 rats were used for histopathological and electron microscopical examination of the liver .Regarding cytogenetic study, 2-NP groups showed a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations when compared with the control group throughout the period of the study.The effect of 2-NP showed a progression that was time dependent but was not dose dependent. The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations induced in 2-NP + alpha-tocopherol groups were less than that induced in 2-NP groups indicating that, alpha-tocopherol has a partial protective effect against 2-NP genotoxicity. Regarding histopathological and electron microscopy study, 2-NP [50 mg/kg] group and [2-NP [50mg/kg] + alpha.-tocopherol] group showed mild toxic hepatitis allover the period of the study, meaning that alpha- tocopherol was not effective against toxic hepatitis induced by 2-NP [50mg/kg]. While in 2-NP [100mglkg] group, hepatic lesions started as mild dysplesia then hepatocellular carcinoma developed by the end of the study. In [2-NP [l00mg/kg] + alpha- tocopherol] group,hepatic histopathological and electron microscopical results of this group were improved when compared with 2-NP[l00mg/kg] group, meaning that alpha-tocopherol was partially effective in protection against hepatic carcinogenicity induced by 2-NP[100mg/kg]. It can be concluded that, 2-NP is genotoxic and hepatotoxic in albino rats and alpha-tocopherol has a partial protective effect against these toxicities