ABSTRACT
Morphological alteration of the dorsum of the tongue is seen in many disorders. These include alteration in color such as pallor and redness and surface alterations, giving rise to “balding,” “geographic tongue,” and the “strawberry tongue.” Iron deficiency anemia and vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency are the causes of balding/pallor and hyperemia (beefy red glossitis), respectively. Geographic tongue refers to a “map-like” appearance of the tongue seen in a host of disorders such as psoriasis and Reiter's disease. Strawberry tongue refers to the characteristic appearance of the tongue seen in certain disorders where it resembles the skin of a strawberry.
ABSTRACT
Morphological alteration of the dorsum of the tongue is seen in many disorders. These include alteration in color such as pallor and redness and surface alterations, giving rise to “balding,” “geographic tongue,” and the “strawberry tongue.” Iron deficiency anemia and vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency are the causes of balding/pallor and hyperemia (beefy red glossitis), respectively. Geographic tongue refers to a “map-like” appearance of the tongue seen in a host of disorders such as psoriasis and Reiter's disease. Strawberry tongue refers to the characteristic appearance of the tongue seen in certain disorders where it resembles the skin of a strawberry.
ABSTRACT
Anticoagulants are the cornerstone of treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with various medical conditions and surgical procedures. They act on different steps of the coagulation pathway and are broadly categorized into heparins, vitamin K antagonists, and inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa. The classification is evolving as newer and better oral and parenteral anticoagulants are being added. Anticoagulants in dermatology are important not only for their therapeutic application in cutaneous thrombotic dermatoses such as livedoid vasculitis, purpura fulminans, superficial and deep venous thrombosis and others but also for their use in non‑thrombotic dermatoses such as lichen planus, recurrent oral aphthosis, chronic urticaria and several others. Further, the use of anticoagulants for any indication is associated with various adverse effects with dermatologic manifestations including specific reactions such as warfarin‑induced skin necrosis, heparin‑induced thrombocytopenia and anticoagulant‑associated cholesterol embolization syndrome.