Poliovirus neutralizing antibody levels among individuals in three regions of Ghana

Introduction: Ghana was declared polio-free in 2015 after the last polio case in 2008. We determined the poliovirus neutralizing antibody levels among individuals to identify possible immunity gaps. Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was undertaken in Northern, Ashanti and Greater Accra regions of Ghana. Individuals referred for haematology at the teaching hospitals' laboratories were invited to participate in our study. Neutralizing-antibody titers to poliovirus serotypes 1,2 & 3 were assayed by WHO-standards. Antibody titers of ≥8 were considered protective. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on subject characteristics to assess potential factors for failure to seroconvert. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Poliovirus (PV) neutralizing-antibody serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were detected in 86.0% (264/307), 84% (258/307) and 75% (230/307) of samples respectively. 60.1% (185/307) were seropositive for the three poliovirus serotypes. Neutralizing poliovirus antibodies for PV1 and PV2 were higher than for PV3. Seroprevalence of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies among males (PV1=51.9%, PV2= 51.6% and PV3= 52.6%) were higher than in females. Seroprevalence rates of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies (PV1, PV2, and PV3) were highest in the Northern region (90%, 81%, and 77%). Poliovirus neutralizing-antibodies (PV1and PV2) decreased with age [p< 0.001]. Low seroprevalence of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies was significantly associated with low school attendance of mothers (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our study population has some protection from polio. However, immunity appears to be lower with a higher age or low Mother's education. This may suggest the need for young-adult booster-dose to minimize the risk of wild poliovirus infection

Psychological working conditions and predictors of occupational stress among nurses, Salaga Government Hospital, Ghana, 2016

Introduction: occupational stress is a recognized health problem among nurses. Globally, its prevalence varies between 9.2% and 68.0%. It detracts from nurses' quality of life and efficiency of job performance. In Ghana, we do not know the important contributory factors to this problem. Our study sought to identify the important predictors of occupational stress among nurses.Methods: in January 2016, we conducted an institutional-based survey among nurses of Salaga Government Hospital. They completed a five-point Likert type questionnaire adopted from the British Psychological Working Conditions Survey, and the Nurse Stress Index. Across 30 predictor variables, a mean score of 4.00 to 5.00 represented high to extreme occupational stress. We performed bivariate and multivariate analyses to identify important predictors of occupational stress at 95% confidence level.Results: of 167 nurses, 58.1% (97) were females. Respondents who experienced high to extreme stress levels had a 2.3 times odds of reporting sickness absence (CI: 1.03-5.14). Sources of occupational stress included: manual lifting of patients and pieces of equipment (OR: 16.23; CI: 6.28 - 41.92), the risks of acquiring infections (OR: 14.67; CI 5.90 - 36.46), receiving feedback only upon unsatisfactory performance (OR: 28.00; CI: 9.72 - 80.64), and inadequate opportunities for continuous professional development (OR: 63.50; CI: 19.99 - 201.75).Conclusion: the working conditions of nurses were stressful. The most significant predictors of occupational stress were poor supportive supervision by superiors, lack of adequate skills to perform routine tasks, uncertainty about their job role, and the lack of adequate opportunities for career advancements

Bacterial Meningitis: A Review in the Upper East Region of Ghana 2010-2014.

Introduction: Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord. It can cause severe brain damage and is fatal in 50% of cases if untreated. The Upper East Region (UER) of Ghana recorded 70 case-patients in 2014 with a case fatality of 10%. Furthermore, there have been series of out outbreaks of bacterial meningitis in the region. The study reviewed meningitis surveillance data to assess the progress towards interruption of meningitis transmission and identified opportunities for surveillance improvement in the UER. Methods: This involved records review and secondary data analysis of all reported meningitis cases in the Region from 2010 to 2014. Data quality was assessed: described by person, place, time, causative agents involved and identified opportunities for system improvement. Results: Of 1142 suspected cases of meningitis recorded at the health facilities and communities in the UER, 352(30.8%) were confirmed cases of various forms of Bacterial meningitis. Majority of the cases (50.7%) were males. The age group 0-9 years was mostly 491(43.0%) affected. There were 146 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 13.0%. The identified etiological agents were Neisseria meningitides (Nm W135) 50.3%, Streptococcus pneumonia (41.7%), Neisseria meningitides (Nm A) 1.7%, Neisseria meningitides (Nm Y 5%), Haemophilus Influenzae Type B1.5%. Majority of the case-patients were observed in 2010 (34.7%) and 2012 (44.2%) between February and April (%). The Kassena Nankana Municipal recorded the highest number of cases 234(20.5%) and the Bulsa South District recorded no case of bacterial meningitis cases. 69 (6%) of case-patients had no lumber puncture done. Time spent before presentation of case-patients to the health facilities had no significant association with the outcome of the infection (p= 0.319). Conclusions: There has been a consistent outbreak of Bacterial meningitis in the Upper East Region that involved many cases-patients with some mortality. More bacterial meningitis cases were recorded in children compared to adults. Lumber puncture was not performed in all casepatients. Many case-patients were recorded in the first quarter of the year with the majority in the Kassena Nankana District. There is an urgent need to review the management of meningitis, coupled with enhanced strategies in prevention of occurrences of the disease in the Upper East Region of Ghana.

Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors in Adults from a Semi Urban District in Ghana: A Population Based Survey.

Objectives: Given the paucity of community based surveys on hypertension and other non-communicable diseases in the Akwapim North District (AKND) of Ghana’s Eastern-Region (ER), we conducted a population survey to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its associated determinants. Methods: We recruited 519 adults age ≥ 25years in a multi-stage sample of enumeration centres over a one-month period. We measured body weight, waist and hip circumference, height, blood pressure (BP) and obtained demographic and risk factor information. Univariate and bivariate-analysis determined the prevalence of hypertension, significant difference and predictors of known risk factors (p <0.05). Results: Among the 519 participants, 62.8% were women. The mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 48.6±16.8 years and 23.2±5.2 kg/m2 respectively. Prevalence of hypertension was 32.2% with a male-to-female distribution of 27.5% and 35.0% respectively. The prevalence of alcohol use was high at 65.6% (340/519). Age and waist circumference were predictors of diastolic BP. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of hypertension in the AKND of Ghana. Stakeholders should structure interventions on hypertension to promote healthier-lifestyles.

Prescribing Practices for Uncomplicated Malaria in a Rural District in Ghana, 2012.

Background: The use of Artemisinin–based Combination Therapies (ACTs) for laboratory confirmed malaria, in conformity to recommended guidelines, remains critical to halting the emergence of drug resistance. We reviewed prescribing practices for malaria in Kwahu South District (KSD) and determined factors influencing conformity to guidelines. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in seven health facilities from three randomly selected sub-districts in KSD. We reviewed patients’ records with a diagnosis of malaria from January to December 2012. Patients’ records were selected by systematic random sampling. Variables reviewed were demographics, clinical presentation and prescription patterns. Prescriptions were considered to conform to recommended guidelines if ACT was prescribed for confirmed uncomplicated malaria and not prescribed for test negative or presumptive malaria. Frequencies, relative frequencies, mean and median were calculated. Unadjusted odds ratios were used to determine associations at 5% significance level. Predictors of conformity were determined by logistic regression model, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Four hundred and four records were reviewed of which 247(61.1%) were females. Median age was 23 years (interquartile range 12-38). Overall, 202(50%) of prescriptions conformed to guidelines: 132 (65.3%) being Artesunate-Amodiaquine (AA). Temperature of ≥37.5°C [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.8, (CI:1.11-2.92)] and being managed at the district hospital [AOR=8.7, (CI:5.41-14.12)] were independent predictors of conformity. Conclusion: Conformity of prescribing practices to recommended guidelines was suboptimal. Determinants of conformity were fever and being managed at the hospital. We recommended targeted interventions to improve conformity of case management practices to guidelines.

Food Borne Outbreak at a Salad Eatery, Ghana - 2009.

Aim: We investigated a foodborne outbreak to determine its magnitude, source of infection and causative agent using laboratory confirmation. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Koforidua Township of the New Juaben Municipality, Eastern Region, 5th - 8th November 2009 Methodology: A case was defined as any person presenting with abdominal cramps, diarrhea and or nausea to the Eastern Regional Hospital between 5th and 8th November, 2009 and had eaten salad from the salad eatery. All the cases that reported to the hospital were interviewed and medical records reviewed. Four stool samples, portions of the different vegetables (cabbage, carrots, green pepper and onion) used in preparing the salad and a mixed salad portion were collected for laboratory diagnosis. Environmental assessment at the salad eatery was conducted. We assessed the site were the vegetables were prepared and the transportation process of vegetables to the salad eatery. Results: A total of 40 cases were identified with an attack rate of 0.26/1000 population with no fatalities. This was a point source outbreak with an incubation period of 7-20hours. The most affected were cases aged 21-30years (35%) and females (55%). Laboratory diagnosis confirmed Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) as the probable causative agent in two stool samples. C. perfringens was also confirmed in the mixed salad portion and the cabbage. The spore count for the mixed salad was 107 CFU/gram of salad and the cabbage was 109 CFU/gram of cabbage. The vegetables were washed with ordinary water only and transported to the salad eatery with poor temperature control of warm cabbage. Conclusion: We confirmed an outbreak probably caused by C. perfringens food poisoning. The inadequate washing of vegetables and poor temperature control of warm cabbage was the probable source of the outbreak. Education of food vendors on strict food hygiene was conducted in the Koforidua Township and the inspection of food eateries re-enforced.

Gastroenteritis Outbreak in a Senior High School, Akwapim North District, Eastern Region-Ghana, 2012.

Background: On the 28th of October, 12 students from a Senior-High-School (SHS) in the Akwapim North-District-Ghana, reported to the district hospital with abdominal cramps, diarrhea and vomiting. We investigated to identify the cause, the source of infection and to recommend control measures. Methods: We conducted a descriptive investigation; with active case-search and a retrospective cohort-study. A case-patient was a student presenting with abdominal cramps, diarrhea and or vomiting from the 28th of October to the 2nd of November in the SHS. We interviewed students and reviewed medical records. Stool from case-patients and water samples were taken from known sources of drinking water and associated boreholes for laboratory diagnosis. We performed univariate analysis by person, place and time and assessed risk factors through relative risk 95% confidence level. Results: Aeromonas-spp and Eschericia-coli were isolated from stool and water samples respectively. The overall attack rate was 8.0 (101/1254) /1000 with no fatalities. The index case, a 15 yr-old female student reported on october 28th and case-patients peaked (16/101) 24hours later. The mean age of case-patients was 17 years (±1.2) with females 77% (78/101) mostly affected. Eating waakye [RR=3.13(CI 2.35-4.17)], banku [(RR= 2.21(CI 1.33-3.69)], kenkey [RR=1.39 (CI 1.03- 1.87)] and drinking borehole water [( RR=7.60 (CI 6.26-9.25)] were associated with the gastroenteritis. Conclusions: Drinking Eschericia coli-contaminated-bore hole water was the most likely cause of this point-source outbreak. Chlorination of the boreholes water coupled with education on food safety and personal hygiene were initiated based on our recommendations and these measures were temporally associated with containment of the outbreak.