ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To initiate a discussion, for devising a standardized nationwide policy for procurement and use of Cadaveric human bodies and tissues for educational purposes and then respectful disposition of the remains
DESIGN: Cohort design
PLACE: A Public Medical College
DURATION: 2006 through 2011
METHODS: Available data was grouped into two chronological equal halves, Group-A 2006 to 2008, Group-B 2009 to 2011. The data was analyzed for age, sex, Known identity, Unknown Identity, later identified-claimed and remaining unidentified-unclaimed dead bodies. Studies related to policies for cadaveric procurement, transport, handling, utilization and disposal are presented
RESULTS: A total of 1605 records were analyzed. 54.9 % Cadavers were from 2 and 3 decade of life. The males in Group-A were 86.32% and in Group-B were 81.82%
DISCUSSION: About 41.55 % cadavers brought to Anatomy department were with Unknown Identity. But 34.93 % were later identified and claimed. Hence the police department of the region and the Anatomy Department of the institution with the help of print media are providing a great service to the society
The remaining unclaimed bodies are also utilized for dissection or in case of putrefied bodies bones were used for medical education. Even after exhaustive search no published data was available for cadavers brought to a public mortuary in Pakistan, as is presented here
CONCLUSION: Pakistan, being a developing nation, is quite vulnerable to many hazards of the increasing demands of cadavers in the medical education business. This is high time to start a discussion for making a comprehensive policy for caring and utilizing dead bodies for medical education. In this respect the anatomist, Islamic scholars and legal experts can collaborate with 'organ transplant' legislation bodies for devising policies
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the structural changes in the liver of the offsprings of mice exposed to smokeless tobacco during pregnancy
MATERIAL and METHODS: Healthy female Swiss albino mice were mated. After confirmation of pregnancy 20 pregnant mice were divided into two groups, Group A was given Tobacco 5% mixed with normal diet and clean water ad libitum, while group B, the control was given normal diet with clean water ad libitum through out their pregnancy. After birth 20 offsprings [10 male and 10 female] were selected randomly from each group. 15 days after birth, the offsprings were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and their livers were dissected out for analysis
RESULTS: The mean weight of liver in experimental male offesprings was found to be 0.58 +/- 0.05 grams while in control group it was 0.82+/-0.03 grams. Where as the mean weight of liver in experimental female offsprings was found to be 0.50+/- 0.03 grams and in control group it was 0.78+/-0.02 grams. The difference in the mean weight of the liver between the experimental and control group was found to be highly significant [p value < 0.001] in both sexes. Fatty change was observed in the liver parenchyma of the experimental group in which 14 out of 20 cases of livers from the offsprings of experimental mice showed fatty infiltration out of which 5 cases were accompanied by wide spread swellings and ballooning of hepatocytes indicating hydropic degeneration
CONCLUSION: The use of smokeless tobacco during pregnancy has some adverse effects on the offsprings manifested by the decrease in the weight of the liver of offsprings as well as cellular injury to liver parenchyma especially the fatty infiltration and hydropic degeneration
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of the use of local chewing tobacco in pregnancy and its effects on the weight of offsprings of mice
MATERIAL and METHODS: 20 female Swiss Albino mice were obtained and mated with male mice. After confirmation of pregnancy they were divided into two groups, group A experimental and B control. Group A was given tobacco 5 % mixed with normal diet ad libitum while group B, control was given normal diet. After birth of offsprings, 20 offsprings [10 male and 10 female] were selected randomly from group A and group B respectively. The weight of each baby mouse [offspring] was noted daily till two weeks
RESULTS: showed a significant decrease in the weight of the offsprings [both sexes] of the experimental group as compared to that of control group in both the initial [at birth] and final weight [at two weeks of age]
The mean initial weight of experimental male offsprings was found to be 1.17+/- 0.03 grams while in control group it was 1.48+/-0.05 grams. The final weight in experimental male offsprings was 8.61+/- 0.17 grams and in control group it was 11.47+/-0.08 grams. In female offsprings the mean initial weight of experimental female offsprings was found to be 1.09+/- 0.04 grams while in control group it was 1.37+/-0.05 grams. The final weight in experimental female offsprings was 7.87+/-0.06 grams, however in control group it was 11.04+/-0.18 grams. When both groups were compared statistically the difference of weight was found to be significant [p value <0.05] for both sexes. However there were no significant differences observed in gestational period and the litter size
CONCLUSION: The use of smokeless tobacco of local brand during pregnancy definitely has some adverse effects on the offsprings resulting in their low birth weight
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aims and objectives of the study were to identify the patients with hereditary predisposition for thromboembolism and to assess the distribution of natural anticoagulants deficient in such patients
METHODS: It was a descriptive cross sectional study. A screening test ProC Global was carried out to detect deficiency of protein C or S and then susceptibility of protein C and protein S assays were carried out on the positive cases. The level of antithrombin and the screening test for factor V Leiden were carried out separately
RESULTS: A total of 264 patients were referred for ProC Global out of which 25 [39.0 %] were positive
The protein C was deficient in 3 patients detected by protein C assay and no patient was deficient in protein S. Antithrombin deficiency was detected in 16 out of 190 [8.4 %] patients and screening test for factor V Leiden was positive in three out of 30 [10 %] cases
CONCLUSION: Inherited thrombophilia is common in patients having a positive history of arterial or venous thrombosis
ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease of viral origin primarily affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus [HCV]
The infection is usually subclinical/ asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis leading to liver failure, hepato cellular carcinoma or life-threatening esophageal and gastric varices. The route of acquiring infection is by an exposure to blood or blood products
The virus persists in the liver in about 85% of those infected patients. Persistent infection can be treated with various anti-viral medications like peginterferon and ribavirin. Theseare amongstthe current standard therapy. Overall cure rate is between 51-80%. Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant, and the virus universally recurs after transplantation
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate and compare the morphological changes occurring in the placentae of mothers who chewed tobacco and the normal placentae of non-tobacco users
Methodology: This case-control study was conducted at the Departments of Anatomy and Gynecology and Obstetrics at Isra University from June 2006 to June 2007. Sixty full-term placentae from chewing tobacco users [Group A], and non-tobacco using [Group B] subjects were divided into groups of 30 placentae. The features evaluated included shape, site of attachment of umbilical cord, weight, and central and peripheral thickness
Results: The mean weights were: Group A, 444.56 +/- 112 gm; and Group B, 437.8 +/- 61.94. The mean diameters of the placentae were: Group A, 17.50 +/- 1.8 cm; Group B, 17.94 +/-/-1.2 cm. The difference in the numbers of cotyledons seen in both groups was highly significant [p < 0.001]: in Group A, the mean number was 16.33 +/- 2.39 compared with Group B, 13.81 +/-1.36. The central thickness was 1.94 +/- 0.59 cm in Group A and 2.49 +/- 0.47 cm in Group B. The mean peripheral thickness of the placentae in Group A was 1.75 +/- 0.41 cm which is similar to that of Group B, 1.74 +/- 0.44cm
Conclusion: The non-smoked chewing form of tobacco produces significant changes in placental morphology, which may affect the outcome of the pregnancy; however, the changes are less significant than those seen in the placentae of smokers