ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#Accumulation of estrogenic compounds and other carcinogens in normal breast tissues contributes to unpredictable breast cancer incidence during adolescence and throughout life. To assess the role of parabens in this phenomenon, the paraben content of adjacent normal-malignant breast tissues is measured in women with breast cancer living in Isfahan Province, Iran.@*METHODS@#Adjacent normal-malignant breast tissue samples were obtained from 53 subjects. The parabens including methyl-paraben (MePB), ethyl-paraben (EtPB), propyl-paraben (PrPB), and butylparaben (BuPB) were extracted from the sample supernatant and then subjected to gas chromatography analysis.@*RESULTS@#Some risk factors for breast cancer were stimulated by parabens in adjacent malignant-normal breast tissues among young and middle-aged women with breast cancer. We observed a significant association for dose-response pattern of MePB [OR = 98.34 (11.43-185.2), P = 0.027] for both ER+ and PR+ women and MePB [OR = 164.3 (CI: 112.3-216.3), P < 0.001] for HER2+ women than women with negative receptors. The risk of 95-fold increase in MePB dose and 164-fold increase in ΣPBs dose were significant for women with hereditary breast cancer in first-degree relatives.@*CONCLUSION@#These results may promote future epidemiology studies and strategies to improve women's lifestyle and consume paraben-free products.
ABSTRACT
Pentachlorophenol [PCP] is one of the most fungicides and pesticides. Acute and chronic poisoning from PCP may be occurred by dermal absorption, and respiration or ingestion. With respect to health and environmental effects of PCP, many methods were considered re-garding its removal. Microwave assisted other methods are environmental friendly, safety, and economical method, consequently, in this study; microwave assisted with hydrogen peroxide [MW/H[2]O[2]] was used for PCP removal from aquatic solutions. The possible of PCP removal was considered by application of a modified domestic microwave. PCP removal rate was considered under different factors such as H[2]O[2] dose [0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mol/L], PCP concentration [100,200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000 mg/L], pH [3, 7, 11], energy intensity [180,450, 600W], COD [344mg/L], and scavenger testes [0.02 mol/L from each of Tert- butyl alcohol [TBA], NaCl, NaHCO[3], and Na[2]CO[3]]. The concentration changes of PCP were determined using spectrophotometer and HPLC spectra, respectively. The best PCP removal was obtained in condition of pH 11, 0.2 mol/L H[2]O[2], and 600 W energy intensity. Moreover, COD removal in this condition was 83%. Results obtained from radi-cal scavengers indicated that OH had only an initiator role, and had not a dominant role, and order reaction was in first order. The results of microwave/H[2]O[2] application showed that this process is suitable for removal of PCP and other chlorinated organic compounds in alkaline pH.