ABSTRACT
Detection of adverse drug reactions [ADRs] in hospitals provides an important measure of the burden of drug related morbidity on the healthcare system. Spontaneous reporting of ADRs is scare and several obstacles to such reporting have been identified formerly. This study aimed to determine the role of clinical pharmacy residents in ADR reporting within a hospital setting.Clinical pharmacy residents were trained to report all suspected ADRs through ADR-reporting yellow cards. The incidence, pattern, seriousness, and preventability of the reported ADRs were analyzed. During the period of 12 months, for 8559 patients, 202 ADR reports were received. The most frequently reported reactions were due to anti-infective agents [38.38%]. Rifampin accounted for the highest number of the reported ADRs among anti-infective agents. The gastro-intestinal system was the most frequently affected system [21.56%] of all reactions. Fifty four of the ADRs were reported as serious reactions. Eighteen of the ADRs were classified as preventable. Clinical pharmacy residents' involvement in the ADR reporting program could improve the ADR reporting system
ABSTRACT
This study intended to assess the efficacy of acute administration of natural honey on cardiac arrhythmias and infarct size when it is used during the normothermic ischemia in isolated rat heart. During 30 min of regional normothermic ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion, the isolated hearts were perfused by a modified drug free Krebs-Henseleit solution [control] or the solution containing 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1% of freshly prepared natural honey [test groups], respectively. Cardiac arrhythmias were analyzed and determined through the recorded ECGs. The infarct size was measured using computerized planimetry package. At the ischemic phase, honey [0.25 and 0.5%] decreased the number and duration of ventricular tachycardia [VT], total number of ventricular ectopic beats [VEBs], duration and incidence of reversible ventricular fibrillation [VF] and total VF [p < 0.05 for all]. During the reperfusion, concentrations of 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5% lowered the number of VT [p < 0.05], duration of reversible VF [p < 0.01] and total number of VEBs [p < 0.05]. In addition, VT duration was reduced significantly with honey 0.125 and 0.25%. Moreover, the infarct size was 45.6 +/- 3.4% in the control group, while the perfusion of honey [0.125, 0.25 and 0.5%] reduced it to 14.8 +/- 5.1 [p < 0.001], 24.6 +/- 7.3 [p < 0.01] and 31.4 +/- 7.3% [p < 0.05], respectively. Regarding the results, it is concluded that the acute administration of natural honey in normothermic ischemia conditions can protect the rat heart as the reduction of infarct size and arrhythmias. Conceivably, the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, the reduction of necrotized tissue and the providence of rich energy source are more important mechanisms in cardioprotective effects of natural honey