ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of different predisposing illnesses and risk factors responsible for spread of chronic viral hepatitis in children. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health Lahore, from Jan to Dec 2016
Material and Methods: Patients screened positive for HBV and HCV by HBsAg and Anti HCV were included in the study and further confirmation of infection was done by PCR and/or HBeAg. History regarding various risk factors and pre-existing illnesses was taken and all data was analyzed using SPSS version 20
Results: Total 122 patients, mean age 9.86 +/- 3.63 years, 89 male and 33 female; were included. Hepatitis B was found in 31 [25%] while hepatitis-C 91 [75%] patients. HCV genotype 3 was most frequent [69/91, 78%]. Common pre-existing illnesses were: acute lymphoblastic leukemia 19 [15.57%], thalassemia 11 [9.02%], non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3 [2.46%], Hodgkin disease 2 [1.64%] and Celiac Disease 3 [2.46%]. Hyperbilirubinemia [bilirubin >1.2mg/dL] was found in 15 [12.29%], elevated ALT [>42 iu/mL] in 49 [40.16] patients and ultrasound abnormalities in 21 [17%] patients. Most frequent risk factor was blood component transfusion present in 62 [51%] patients followed by perinatal transmission in 33[26%], history of viral hepatitis in father in 6 [6%] and history of surgery or dental procedure was present in 19 [16%] patients
Conclusion: Hematological malignancies and thalassemia are the commonest predisposing conditions of HBC and HCV infection in children. Most common mode of transmission was blood transfusion present in nearly half the patients followed by perinatal transmission
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the presentation and outcome of upper gastrointestinal [GI] foreign bodies in children. Study Design: Descriptive case series. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, the Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health Lahore, from Jan 2016 to Dec 2016
Material and Methods: Fifty eight children with history of foreign body ingestion were included in the study through non probability purposive sampling technique. Children underwent upper GI endoscopy flexible endoscope under general anesthesia. The data such as age, sex, mode of presentation, type of foreign body and site of impaction was recorded on a specially designed proforma. Qualitative variables including gender, type of foreign body, clinical features, site of impaction etc were expressed in term of frequencies and percentages while age was expressed as mean and standard deviation
Results: Among 58 patients 53.4% [n=31] were male and 46.6% [n=27] were female with age range from 2 months to 15 years. Majority of cases had developed dysphagia [70.7%]. Coins were the most common foreign bodies encountered [32.8%] followed by button batteries [31%]. Lower esophagus was the most common site of impaction of foreign bodies [65.5%]
Conclusion: Coins and button batteries are the common upper GI foreign bodies with lower esophagus being the most common site of impaction. Commonest presenting feature was dysphagia. Endoscopic retrieval of foreign bodies under general anesthesia is a safe mode of treatment