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Context: The clinical picture of pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection differs from adults as do the cutaneous manifestations. In this review, we summarize the varied morphological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population. Evidence acquisition: A comprehensive literature search was conducted (23 September, 2021) across multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane) with the relevant keywords. An additional filter of age group between 0-18 years was kept in each of the searches. Results: Chilblains constitute the most common cutaneous manifestation of pediatric coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Other commonly reported manifestations include maculopapular rash, urticaria, erythema multiforme, and papulovesicular eruptions. Majority of children with these manifestations are asymptomatic, highlighting the need to clinically suspect and appropriately manage such patients. A subset of pediatric patients develop severe multisystem involvement termed as multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) that has varied mucocutaneous manifestations. Conclusion: A wide variety of dermatological manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection is reported, and both the pediatrician and dermatologist need to be aware of the same to suspect and diagnose COVID-19 infection in children.
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Introduction: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of thecommonest cancers in North India. Despite the high incidence,very little data is available of the staging distribution ofGBC in this region. We aimed at getting a snapshot of thedistribution of GBC at a single high volume centre.Material and Methods: One hundred and forty sevenpatients who were evaluated between 1st July 2017 and 31stOctober 2018 for staging of GBC, were included in this study.Radiological staging was done according to the AJCC TNM8th edition using a standardized reporting format.Results: Majority of patients were females (70%). Fundus ofGB was the most common site of tumor (39.4%) and liver(76.8%) was the most common adjacent organ involved aswell as the most common site of metastatic disease (36%).Only 42 (28.5%) patients had non-metastatic disease.Biliary obstruction was present in 63 (42.8%) patients, withmajority being type 2 hilar blocks (65%). Loco-regional nodalinvolvement was present in 87.1% patients, station 12 nodalinvolvement being most common (76.1%).Conclusion: This is the first study to describe the distributionof GBC stages in the high incidence region of North India.This should provide information for future research andfunding for GBC related research.
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Introduction: There are, at present, no biomarkers topredict to prognosis of Gallbladder cancer. We conducted aprospective exploratory study to evaluate the role to serum CA19-9 and CA 242 as prognostic markers.Material and Methods: We enrolled consecutive patients forthis study and CA 19-9 and 242 were estimated from venoussamples. Association of these markers with clinical variablesand median overall survival (OS) difference between patientswho has raised versus normal levels of these markers wasdetermined.Results: Sixty-two patients were enrolled for this study.Forty-four (71%) patients had elevated CA19-9. Thirty-nine(62.9%) patients had an raised CA242 levels. CA 19-9 wasfound to be significantly associated with the presence ofjaundice (p=0.038) and advanced stage (p=0.009). MedianOS of patients who had elevated CA 19-9 was 5.73 monthscompared to 8.33 months in patients who had normal CA19-9. The difference was not statistically different (p= 0.15).Median OS for patients who had elevated CA 242 was 5.53months, which was inferior to those who had normal levels(9.1 months). This difference approached, but was notstatistically significant (p=0.055).Conclusion: This is the first study to show associationbetween CA 19-9 and stage of disease in GBC. At present,CA 19-9 and CA 242 cannot be recommended as prognosticmarkers. However, role of CA 242 needs to be examined ina larger cohort of patients of GBC to establish its usefulness.
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Aim: Based on Downs analysis, the present study aims to evaluate hard tissue cephalometric norms for the Maharashtrianpopulation.Materials and Methods: The digital lateral cephalograms of 100 subjects with Maharashtrian ethnicity within the age rangeof 18–30 years with normal occlusion were obtained. Downs analysis was performed using Dolphin software. The obtainedvalues were statistically analyzed to evaluate hard tissue norms for the Maharashtrian population.Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in hard tissue norms between Maharashtrian population andCaucasian norms.Conclusion: Ethnic differences exist between Maharashtrian population and Caucasian population, which should be consideredwhen formulating an orthodontic treatment plan.