ABSTRACT
Introduction:Cardiac venous system is an important system for various cardiac interventional procedures such as cardiac catheterization. Various veins like right marginal vein, small cardiac vein (SCV), posterior vein of the left ventricle, left marginal vein, oblique vein of Marshall drain into coronary sinus. While anterior cardiac veins drain right ventricular wall directly into right atrium. Materials and Methods: An observational cross‑sectional study was conducted on thirty cadaveric hearts during a 2‑year period in Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Anatomy Department. The length, diameter of SCV, left marginal vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle, right marginal vein, and oblique vein of Marshall were taken. Results: The study reveals the length of SCV as 28.12 ± 22.87 mm. The length of right marginal vein and posterior vein of the left ventricle is having a significant correlation with age. The length of oblique vein of Marshall is lower in males as compared to females. A number of ACVs were significantly related to weight of cadaver in males. Conclusions: The present study provides data of cardiac veins for various cardiac interventional procedures.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The supraorbital notch (SON) is present at the junction of sharp lateral two-thirds and roundedmedial third of supraorbital margin. The neurovascular bundle exit via this notch/foramen. The morphometricvariations of the supraorbital ridge, notch, or foramen are not uncommon. The knowledge of these parameters isimportant to preserve the neurovascular bundle during surgery in this area.Materials and Methods: This study included seventy skulls obtained from department of Anatomy, Doon governmentmedical college Dehradun and Sri Guru Ram Rai Institute of medical and health sciences Dehradun followingstandard guidelines. All the parameters were observed and measured with the help of vernier caliper andreported in the tabulated form.Results: Out of seventy skulls, bilateral supraorbital notch and supraorbital foramen were found in 37.14% and14.28% respectively. Unilateral notch and contralateral foramen was found in eight skulls i.e. 11.42%. notch orforamen was absent in 5.71% skulls. The distance from SON/F to the midline (nasion) and frontozygomaticsuture were 25.86±3.11 and 29.89±2.19 mm. respectively . The mean distance between supraorbital notch orforamen to infraorbital foramen was 42.33 ±3.11 mm.Conclusion: Topographical anatomy of supraorbital ridge, notch and foramen and its variation is important toprevent the complications after surgical procedure in this area.
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Background: Each kidney is drained by single renal vein on each side. Right renal vein is shorter than left renal vein and both veins drain into inferior vena cava. The aim of our study is to find the variation in renal vasculature at the renal hilum. Methods: The present study was conducted on the 30 embalmed cadavers (20 males and 10 females) in the Department of Anatomy of SRMS IMS, Bareilly from 2006 to 2015. Results: The present study revealed the presence of two additional renal veins on the right side along with the normal right renal vein in one cadaver (3.33%). Conclusion: Therefore, it is crucial to understand the variation of renal vein as this is important for the designing of catheter, angiography, renovascular hypertension, treatment of renal trauma and renal artery embolization. Therefore, the variation of renal vein should be kept in mind during transplantation and to prevent bleeding by an accidental trauma when operating in the retroperitoneal region.
ABSTRACT
Background: Atlas is the first cervical vertebra. Sometimes there is partial or complete fusion of atlas with basal part of the occipital bone known as assimilation of atlas or atlanto-occipital fusion. It is normally congenital. It may be associated with the constriction of foramen magnum which may compress the spinal cord or brain stem. Methods: The 1000 human dry skulls were selected from the anthropology museum of department of anatomy, GSVM medical college, Kanpur. The age and sex of the skulls were not taken into consideration. The skulls were examined for the bony union between the atlas and skull and other variations in assimilated atlas. Results: Fused atlas with skull was seen in 20 skulls (2.0%). Partial fusion of anterior arch of atlas with the occipital bone was seen in 1 specimen (5%) and in 10% it was found complete fusion. In 10% skulls the posterior arch fused with the occipital bone. Bilateral fusion of transverse process with occipital bone was noted in 2 (10%) specimen. The incomplete foramen transversarium was found in 1 skull (5%) {bilateral} and in 2 skulls (10%), the transverse process was noted without the foramen transversarium {bilateral}. Conclusion: Out of 1000 examined skulls, fusion of atlas with the occipital bone was noted in 20 skulls (2%). The knowledge of incidence of assimilation of atlas and its variations may be helpful for the embryologist, neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons.
ABSTRACT
Background: Suprascapular notch (SSN) is present towards the medial end of superior border of scapula. The morphometric variations of the SSN have been identified. The suprascapular nerve compression is commonly noted at the site of SSN. Methods: The study was carried out in the department of anatomy, SRMS-IMS medical college, Bareilly and SGRRIM-HS Dehradun. The 120 dried scapulae were randomly selected. The age, sex and race of the scapulae were not known. The scapulae were observed carefully for the different shapes of the suprascapular notch. The various dimensions of suprascapular notch were taken by using a digital vernior caliper. Results: In the present study six types of SSN were noted based on the description by Rengachary SS. et al.22 Type I (15.83%); type II (41.66%); type III (25.00%); type iv (12.50%); type v (1.67%) and type VI (3.33%). We also classified the SSN based on the description by M. Polguj et al. 2011,28 the frequencies were: type I (MVD>STD), 20%; type II (MVD=STD=MTD), 3.33%; type III (STD >MVD), 55.83%; type IV (bony foramen), 3.33% and type V (Without a discrete notch), 17.5%. Conclusion: The suprascapular neuropathy may occur at the various anatomical locations of its course and has a variety of causes. Our study is important for clinician because the narrow SSN increase the risk of suprascapular entrapment neuropathy. So the knowledge of these variations should be kept in the mind of clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of suprascapular neuropathies.