ABSTRACT
@#This study aims to determine the job satisfaction (JS) level among professional driving instructors (PDIs) in the driver training and licensing system in Malaysia. Specifically, it looks at the influence of income level and remuneration scheme on PDI’s satisfaction. The average income of PDI is relatively low with three remuneration schemes: fixed income; fixed income plus commission; and commission only. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey using the 20-item Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) (short-form) with end-specified 10-point scale. Analysis of the data revealed that PDIs with higher income are more satisfied with their job, t (179) = -3.248, p = 0.001. Similarly, three level One-way ANOVA of JS scores with three remuneration schemes revealed a significant difference of JS across these schemes, F (2,178) = 3.51, p ≤ 0.032. Researchers’ further exploration found a significant interaction between these two variables (income level vs. remuneration scheme), F (5,175) = 4.88, p = 0.001. In general, PDIs with higher income are more satisfied with their job only if they received it as a fixed income (regardless of having commission or not). This insightful finding can be a basis for relevant stakeholders in understanding the influence of income and remuneration scheme towards JS among PDIs in Malaysia.
Subject(s)
Job Satisfaction , MalaysiaABSTRACT
Endurance training improves the activity of G[4] type acetylcholine esterase [AchE] in muscle fibres. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training [ET] on activity of A12 type of AchE in Flexor Hallucis Longus [FHL] and Soleus [SOL] muscles of rats. 16 male wistar rats [age: 10 weeks and weight: 172.17 +/- 10.080 gr], were randomly divided in 2 groups [control; N=8 and ET; N=8]. Training group carried out 8 weeks [5 session/week] of endurance training on animal treadmill with speed of 10 m/min for 30 min at the first week which was gradually increased to 30 m/min for 60 min [70-80% of VO[2]max] at the last week. Forty eight hours after last session of training, FHL and Sol muscles of animals were moved out under sterilized situation by cutting on posterio-lateral side of hind limb. For separating AchE subunits, homogenization and electrophoresis [0.06 non-denaturaing polyacrilamide] methods were used. AchE activity was measured by Elisa kit. The activity of this protein significantly [p=0.017] increased in SOL muscle of ET group by 119%, but did not changed in FHL. In both groups [ET and Con], FHL muscle had significantly [ET: p=0.028 and Con p=0.01] higher basic levels of AchE activity compared to SOL muscle. This significant increase in AchE of SOL might be indicative of responsiveness of AchE of this muscle following endurance training for improving acetylcholine [Ach] cycle in neuromuscular junction. Endurance training might increase the A[12] type AchE activity to improve the Ach cycle as part of the adaptation of neuromuscular junction to increased level of physical activity
ABSTRACT
In healthy teenagers, obesity and physical inactivity are the two main factors that affect respiratory function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training on improving lung function in overweight and obese students. Thirty overweight or obese subjects with poor endurance performance and mild deterioration of respiratory indices [forced expiratory volume and forced expiratory volume in 1 second < 90% predicted] were randomly assigned into control [age: 16.6 +/- 0.83 years, height: 167 +/- 5.05 cm, weight: 80.44 +/- 7.65 kg] and intervention groups [age: 16.5 +/- 0.83 years, height: 166 +/- 6.7 cm, weight: 79.62 +/- 9.33 kg] .The intervention group preformed 24 weeks of continuous treadmill running [3 days a week]. Respiratory indices were measured pre, mid and post exercise. Independent t test, paired t test, Pearson's correlation test and repeated measure were used for analyzing the data. In the intervention group, post exercise respiratory indices were significantly higher than the pre exercise values, and did not reach the predicted values. No significant differences were found in pre, mid and post exercise respiratory indices in the control group. In the intervention group, improvements in respiratory indices were positively correlated with maximum voluntary ventilation [MVV] improvement but not with BMI reduction. No significant differences were detected between the 2 groups in terms of pre, mid and post exercise measures of BMI, weight, height, and respiratory indices. In overweight and obese teenagers, appropriate aerobic exercise training can partly improve lung function by strengthening the muscles of respiration. However, in order to achieve the predicted values of lung function, a further increase in activity duration and decrease in BMI is necessary