[Synthesis of silver nanoparticles through chemical reduction and biosynthesis methods and evaluation of their antibacterial effects]

Silver nanoparticles have wide applications in medicine and treatment of bacterial infections due to their disinfection properties. Chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles have been studied previously, but regarding the high costs of chemical synthesis and the increase of antibiotic-resistance phenomenon among bacteria, assessment of the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their effects on different clinical and standard bacterial strains is of great importance. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through chemical and biosynthesis methods and their size and size distribution was assessed Transmission Electron Microscope. Chemically synthesized nanoparticles were added to tubes containing TSB medium and different bacterial strains for their antibacterial effects and their minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated Chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles had high monodispersity, but biosynthesized nanoparticles had higher polydispersity. Smaller silver nanoparticles had better antibacterial effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, in such a manner that they inhibited the bacterial growth at 0.2 mM concentration, but larger nanoparticles had lesser effects. Biosynthesis through bacterial supernatant is cost effective, but it produces polydisperse nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles can replace antibiotics due to their suitable antibacterial effects, but it should be mentioned that clinical strains are more resistant than standard strains and bacterial resistance to these nanoparticles should be checked before their prescription

[Transabdominal pelvic sonographic findings in 200 virgin patients with abnormal uterin bleeding below 40 years coming Faghihi hospital of Shiraz]

Abnormal uterine bleeding [AUB] is a common disease which can lead to several somatic and psychiatric problems. In the other hand, the causes of AUB seems to be different in virgin patients under 40 years old comparing to married women. So we decided to study the findings of transabdominal sonography in virgin patients under 40 years old with AUB. Two hundred virgin patients under 40 y/old with AUB were studied. At first, the type of AUB, the duration of disease and previous history were registered and then transabdominal ultrasound was done by two separated radiologist with a Gynecologist, logic 500 ultrasound system with 3.5 MHZ convex probe and sonographic findings were recorded. Ultrasound was normal in 49.5% and abnormal in 50.5% of patients. Ovarian findings were more common than uterine findings and were seen in 46% of patients but uterine abnormal findings were seen in only 12.5% of patients. [In some patients, ovarian and uterine abnormal findings were seen together]. The most common sonographic findings including: absence of dominant follicle in ovaries [25%] and then ovarian cyst [19.5%] and polycystic ovary syndrome [13.5%] and endometrial hyperplasia [8.5%]. By the way, the most common types of AUB were oligomenorrhea [56%] and hyper menorrhea [25%]. In patients with oligomenorrhea the most common abnormal findings were absence of dominant follicle [35%] and PCO [21%] and in patients with hypermenorrhea were ovarian cyst [22%] and absence of dominant follicle [10%]. In our study, ultrasound was normal without any detectable sonographic abnormality in about half of the patients. The cause of AUB in these patients, seems to be dysfunction, may be due to Psychiatric problems and stresses. Among the pathologic findings, absence of dominant follicle due to an ovulation [dysfunction] is the most common finding and uterine pathology is less common. According to all findings, it seems that in virgin patients under 40 old with AUB, dysfunction due to stress and Psychiatric problems is the main reason and therapeutic management should be relay on it

Predisposing factors of brain abscess in Ardabil

Brain abscess is a focal intracerebral infection, which begins as a localized area of cerebritis and develops into a collection of pus surrounded by a well-vascularized capsule. In the present study, we studied all patients with brain abscess admitted in Ardabil Fatemi hospital. In a retrospective hospital-based study, 24 patients with brain abscess entered the study. Medical records of patients were reviewed from January 2004 to January 2006. Brain abscess was defined as one or more localized lesions with the following characteristics in brain imaging [CT scan]: hypodense center with a peripheral uniform ring enhancement following the injection of contrast material, or affected region surrounded by variable hypodense area of brain edema or nodular enhancement or area of low attenuation without enhancement. Predisposing factors for brain abscess were surveyed by reviewing medical records. The study population included 17 males and 7 females with the mean age [ +/- standard deviation] of 27.0 +/- 21.3 years. The following predisposing factors were noted in 22 [[91.6%] patients; contiguous focus of infection [sinusitis and chronic otitis media] in 10 [41.6%], congenital heart disease in 5 [20.8%], post traumatic complications in 3 [12.5%], super infected hydatid cyst in 2 [8.3%] and neurosurgical complications in 2 cases [8.3%]. Ear in cerebellar and temporal lobe, frontal sinus in frontal lobe and heart in parietal lobe abscesses should be evaluated for the possible source of infection. Meanwhile, hydatid cyst may be an important risk for brain abscess in endemic areas like Ardabil

Effect of misoprostol on acute phase of viral hepatitis B in Iran

Most therapeutic interventions in acute phase of viral hepatitis B patients are conservative. Prostaglandins have absorbed many scientists' attention for improving these patients condition, therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate misoprostol [PGE1 Analogue] effect on acute phase of viral hepatitis B. A randomized matched controlled clinical trial was performed on two equal groups each included fifteen male acute phase hepatitis B patients who were anti HBC IgM and HBs Ag positive, hepatitis C negative and their total bilirubin level was more than 10 mg/dl. The experimental group received 800 micro g misoprostole [200 micro g x 4 times a day] while the control group received placebo for 14 days. Their bilirubin and serum transaminases concentrations as well as PT and PTT were checked before and after the therapy and compared by chi square and tstudent tests using SPSS software. At the end of the treatment phase, serum bilirubin, SGPT and PTT were significantly lower in the experimental group. After three weeks follow up, only SGOT was not significantly lower in experimental group. At the end of the 4th and the 5th week after treatment initiation, serum bilirubin, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase and PTT were significantly lower in experimental group. These results confirm that misoprostol improves hepatitis B patients' condition and reduces their serum bilirubin, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase and PTT