ABSTRACT
Introduction: Borago officinalis flower [borage] is a known sedative in herbal medicine; the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of borage hydroalcoholic extract in formalin test male rats
Methods: Fifty-six adult male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Control groups of A [intact], B [saline], and C [Positive control] plus test groups of D, E, F, and G [n=8]. The groups D, E, and F received 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg, Borago officinalis flower hydroalcholic extract before the test, respectively but group G received 25 mg/kg borage extract and aspirin before the test. A biphasic pain was induced by injection of formalin 1%. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software ver. 17 employing statistical tests of Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The results were expressed as mean +/- SD. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0.05
Results: The results revealed that the acute and chronic pain behavior score in test groups of D, E, F, and G significantly decreased compared to groups A and B, but this score did not show any difference compared to group C. Moreover, chronic pain behavior score in group G was significantly lower than all other groups
Discussion: The results indicated that Borago officinalis hydroalcoholic extract affects the acute and chronic pain behavior response in formaline test male rats
ABSTRACT
Since liver is a gland which has an important role in drug metabolism, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single dose and repeated administration of morphine on LFT, blood sugar and fasting insulin resistance index in fructose- fed male rats. The experiment was performed on 36 Wistar-Albino male rats, which were divided into a control [A] and three tests groups [B, C and D]. The control group consumed tap water, but the test groups consumed fructose-enriched water [10%, w/v] and received null, single, and repeated doses of morphine, respectively. At the end, animals were anesthetized and blood samples were collected. Liver enzymes, insulin and insulin resistance were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS-11, using ANOVA and Tukey tests as post hoc test. Results were expressed as mean +/- SD and Statistical differences were recognized significant by p<0.05. The results showed that all test groups were insulin resistant; alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and asparatate aminotransferase [AST] activity values in group D significantly increased compared to other groups while its plasma glucose and insulin values showed a significant decrease in comparison to other test groups. It seems that repeated morphine administration can affect liver function test [LFT] and fasting Insulin resistance index [FIRI] in fructose- fed male rats