ABSTRACT
@#There is a need to design and develop an affordable motorized vehicle for better mobility among physical disabilities. This study aimed is to initiate appropriate and affordable materials to develop an accessible motorized wheelchair. It includes the feasibility study of the existing used wheelchair, the system used and the characteristic of the physical disabilities symptom. Through the observation, an existing motorized wheelchair uses stainless steel as the main structure, manipulating the shelves heavy-duty accessories, electrical component, heavy-duty battery and car pulley system in which the weight accumulates approximately 100 kg. The heavyweight wheelchair cannot be folded and put inside the car. It also needs to have a special carrier to carry the wheelchair. The field research has also been conducted to evaluate the existing wheelchair system in the market with various systems used, components, and motors material used in the area of technical, usability and comfort before start to redesigning the wheelchair. The results of the study would include the background needs of the characteristic of physical disabilities. The available high-grade aluminium materials will be used to support the mobility and their relevant properties. The design will be done all the way and the specification will be used as an instrument data for the motorized vehicle. The selection of design features, documentation of design procedures and results will be used to create a P.O.C (Prove of Concept) prototype for the meant vehicle. The user will use the preliminary prototyping test and the data (result) will be used to improvise the wheelchair prototype. The second improvised prototype will undergo the second user testing in the area of reliability, stabilization of system, and ease of usage. The results expected will be observed and tested by the user to lead towards the recommendation of the motorized wheelchair design.
ABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] is the commonest primary cancer of liver. Epidcmiologic research exploring risk factors of HCC is important because of increasing frequency of the disease in Egypt with remarkable rise in noncirrhotic patients. Identifying risk factors of HCC may help in decreasing its incidence.This study was carried out to identify risk factors of HCC among both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients in Upper Egypt. A case control study of 104 cases with HCC against 104 controls without HCC were recruited from Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University Hospital; patients were from the governorates of Assiut, Sohag, Qena, and Aswan. Patients were divided into two groups, cirrhotics and noncirrhotics. For all participants, the following was conducted: clinical evaluation, abdominal ultrasonography examination, and laboratory investigations. Risk factors of HCC were identified using univariate then multivariate analysis. Cirrhotic patients constituted 60.6% of the total sample while noncirrhotic patients constituted 39.4%. Among cirrhotic patients, higher risk of HCC was observed with underground water use [OR 15.825, 95% CI 4.462-56.128], tobacco smoking [OR 7.755, 95% CI 2.790-21.558], and metabolic syndrome [OR 5.595, 95% CI 1.565-20.009], While risk factors of HCC in noncirrhotic patients were found to be positive HBsAg [OR 15.223, 95% CI 2.009-115.352], tobacco smoking [OR 8.349, 95% CI 2.113-32.982], metabolic syndrome [OR 7.374, 95% CI 1.635-33.266], and manual agricultural job [OR 7.001, 95% CI 1.604- 30.648]. Distinct patterns of HCC risk factors exist among cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients, with a common ground. The risk factor of HCC in cirrhotic patients was underground water use while chronic HBV infection and manual agricultural job were risk factors in noncirrhotic patients. For both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients, tobacco smoking and metabolic syndrome were common risk factors of HCC