ABSTRACT
Background: in autism spectrum disorder the range of language abilities varies between total muteness to an apparent grammatically complex language. There is a debate on the effect of autism on syntax development if it is normal, delayed or deviant
Aim of the Work: it was to assess the syntactic profile of ASD children
Patients and Methods: a cross sectional descriptive research design. The subjects of this study comprised a convenient sample of 20 children diagnosed as ASD and other 20 normal children as control group with age range between 3 years 8 months and 11 years 8 months. Modified Arabic preschool language scale [PLS-4] Test and Stanford Binet intelligence scales, fifth edition were done for all children and Child autism rating scale [CARS] was done for children with ASD
Results: syntax in ASD is significantly delayed compared to the syntax of normal subjects. Significant impairments in certain items of syntax as [Making grammatical judgments or repairing grammatical errors, understanding pronouns or expressing them, retelling sentences or stories, answering logically using negation, expressing jobs in speech, using irregular plurals, using dualization, question formulation, using past tense forms and using words that describe physical state] was found
Conclusion: syntax in ASD was found to be affected and is found to be below the total language level of the study subjects and this was confirmed by sustained repeated impairments in certain items of syntax
ABSTRACT
Myocardial performance index [MPI] or Tei index, a recently proposed Doppler-derived time interval index, combines both systolic and diastolic time intervals to generate a combined index of global ventricular function. This index has been found to be reproducible, easily obtainable and to correlate closely with invasive measures of both systolic and diastolic functions, being independent of ventricular geometry or technical interference with chamber volume assessment. So, the aim of this work to assess the left ventricular tei index in cases with left ventricular volume overload [VSD] and in cases with left ventricular failure. The present work was conducted on fifteen patients with left ventricular failure [GI]., fifteen patients with left ventricular volume overload [VSD][GII]., and fifteen normal children of the same age as a control group[GIII]. All patients and control were subjected to: 1-Detailed history. 2- Thorough clinical examination. 3- X-ray chest and heart. 4- Echocardiography [M-mode -Two dimensioal echocardiography, pulsed and continuous wave Doppler and color flow mapping]. Tei index was significantly increased in GI patients than the other two groups and significantly increased in GII than GIII. There was a direct correlation between the Tei index and the LVEDD and the Ross classification of heart failure but inverse correlation with the LVEF. The cut of point of the Tei index for diagnosis of heart failure was 4.4. Tei index is a good and safe indicator of left sided heart failure