ABSTRACT
Background: the third stage of labor is defined as the period of time between delivery of the fetus and delivery of the placenta. The most common complication accompanying this stage is postpartum hemorrhage [PPH] and prolonged third stage of labor owing to placenta retention and uterine atony are among the underlying cause of most cases of PPH. The duration of the third stage of labor is 5-15 min
Aim: to assess the efficacy of intraumbilical vein oxytocin in reducing duration of third stage of labour and the amount of blood loss
Patients and Methods: this study included 150 women attending the delivery room of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology which was divided according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria into two groups: Group A [study group]: include 75 cases which received 10 IU [1ml] of oxytocin in umbilical vein. Group B [control group]: include 75 cases which received 1ml of saline in umbilical vein
Results: the time of third stage took seconds in each group with no statistically significant difference detected [p>0.05]
Conclusion: intra-umbilical oxytocin is a useful alternative in patients where methylergometrine is contraindicated or in cases where intravenous fluids need to be restricted. For optimum effect, rapid injection immediately after clamping of the cord is essential
ABSTRACT
The aim of this work is to identify the most important risk factors responsible for difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation in adult patients. A prospective cohort study. Respiratory Intensive care unit of Alexandria main University Hospitals. Thirty one patients requiring mechanical ventilation with difficult weaning according to Brochard's classification. After failure of weaning on PSV mode of mechanical ventilation, the patient is reevaluated to detect the risk factors responsible for difficult weaning. Eighteen patients [58%] were successfully weaned and thirteen [42%] failed weaning trials and finally died. Of the thirty-one studied cases, 16 [52%] were males. Mean age of the studied patients was 57.7 +/- 15 and mean BMI was 30 +/- 7.9. Twenty-one patients [67.7%] required prolonged mechanical ventilation and ten [32%] required less than 14 days. Mean of Rapid Shallow Breathing Index measured during SBT was 56 +/- 9 breaths/min per L among cases who were successfully weaned from MV and 122 +/- 19 breaths/min per L among those who failed weaning trials. Mean CROP index value was 38.7 +/- 11 ml/breath per min among cases who were successfully weaned and of significantly lower value 7.5 +/- 2.6 ml/breath per min among those who failed weaning trials and finally died, [p = 0.00]. In the present work; risk factors that found to be responsible for failure of weaning trials were recent infections [pulmonary and/or extra-pulmonary] that were detected in all the studied cases [100%], disturbances in the trace elements and electrolytes in 26 cases [83.8%], cardiovascular dysfunctions in 18 [58%], psychological problems in 12 [38.7%], endocrinal disturbances in the form of hypothyroidism in 3 [9.6%], nutritional deficiency in 27 [87%], neuromuscular dysfunctions in 14 [45%] and other additional co-morbid problems as hepatic or renal impairment in 15 patients [48%]. In the present work; EMG and nerve conduction study was done to 19 cases with difficult weaning. The results showed 26% with normal picture, 63% with moderate to severe axonal sensory motor peripheral neuropathy and 10.5% with a picture of myopathy. Regarding the effect of neuromuscular dysfunctions on the outcome of MV, in the present study, 33% of the patients with polyneuropathy failed weaning trials and finally died [p = 0.798]. The present study stresses on the importance of neuromuscular assessment in all cases with difficult weaning as this may be an important contributing factor for difficult weaning and prolonged mechanical ventilation. All potential causes of ventilator dependency should be identified when a patient is difficult-to-wean. Then, a plan should be developed that uses a multidisciplinary team approach to correct the reversible causes of weaning failure and facilitates weaning thereafter