Experimental study of parameters affecting some gaseous pollutants emissions from a stationary combustion chamber

One of the important parameters of gas turbine combustion system design, is the control of NO[X] an CO emissions. In this work, factors influencing the formation of these pollutants in butane fuelled, premixed, confined flame were experimentally studied by analyzing gas samples taken at various locations with in the combustor. Major combustor input parameters were varied over a significant range of operating conditions as follows: equivalence ratio [0.7, 0.8 and 0.9]. all runs were carried out, at normal temperature and pressure, in a well insulate axisymmetric cylindrical furnace. In addition, detailed distribution of temperature and concentration levels of pollutants NO[X] and CO were determined in and around the control recirculation zone

study of atmospheric photochemical oxidants and their precursors

Ozone is formed in the lower atmosphere by reactions between ozides of nitrogen and photochemically reactive radicals in the presence of sunlight. NO, NO[2], and O[3] levels were measured daily for one year study during two periods one representing the period of sunlight and the other the period of darkness. Temperature and windspeed recorded. O[3] levels were maximum during hot summer season being almost 3 folds higher than winter season. Months with highest O[3] levels were characterized by lowest NO concentrations. Ozone concentrations dropped to very low levels [Av. 0032 ppm] during the darkness period with a concomitant rise in NO concentration [0.0058 ppm]. Ultraviolet light acts as a pump in the rapid destruction and reformation of NO[2]. values of NO[2] were higher during the midday period than darkness period [0.0172 and 0.01013 ppm respectively]. A positive correlation existed between ozone levels versus NO[2] levels and temperature while a negative correlation existed versus NO levels and windspeed. It has been concluded that high levels of ozone precursors and some meteorological parameters contribute to high ozone levels in the atmosphere

Evaluation of atmospheric air pollutants during sweeping process

The study is carried out on the sweepers of Moharem Bey, El-Ibrahimia and Miami sectors in Alexandria city to evaluate their exposure to sand rising and its constituents [sulfates,chlorides, benzene soluble organic matter, lead and iron] resulting from the sweeping process with the effect of atmospheric transport and diffusion by means of portable personal samplers. As for the sand rising and its constituents benzens soluble organic matter, lead and iron, the sweepers of the first sector at exposed to the highest concentration for its industrial, conunercil and residential activities besides its high traffic density. The sweepers of the third sector are exposed to the lowest con centration of sand rising and its constituents benzene soluble organic matter, lead and iron as a result of the atmospheric transport and diffusion. The percentage of the exposure to both sulfates and chlorides was the highest for the sweepers of the third sector for being net to their main source the sea, while the lowest percentage was at the second sector for being away from the effect of both the sea and industrial activities of the first sector

Air pollution as determined by corrosion rates in iron test materials

Atmospheric corrosion measurements can be used as an index of air pollution measurements. Two atmospheric corrosion studies conducted, one was a long-term cumulative study, and the other seasonal study conducted at three areas viz: residential,, Industrial marine representing a variety of pollution levels in ordert to obtain a quantitative relation between mean pollution levels corrosion losses. Simple regression analysis showed that all factors [So[2], sulfates, chlorides, T.S.P.] individually had a significant effect on corrosion except for SO[2] at marine areas and T.S.P. at residential areas. On the other hand, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that SO[2] was the main significant point in both residential and industrial areas, sulfates were significant secondary to SO[2] only in residential areas, while chlorides were the main significant contaminant in marine areas

Evaluation of community noise levels contributed by traffic vehicles in the city

Recent research has been directed to, general community exposure from traffic sources. Noise level assessment by sound level; meter and noise desimeter under standardized and.-.non-standardized conditions. were performed. Dosimeter readings gave higher levels than sound level meter.' Different traffic density' areas revealed that higher traffic density,contributes to higher community noise exposure being especially high during day time, rush hours. All levels were higher than proposed emission regulations. Vehicle, speed .contributed, to .higher noise leve Frequency analysis reyealed higher noise levels at lowest frequencies assumed to 'be lees .harmful to Auditory. mechanism, It has, been .recommended to control-noise traffic by continuous inspections of vehicles, traffic regulations, restriction to use of horns and noise standards

effect of designed system of air conditioning unit on efficiency of control of airborne cotton dust in textile mills

Air conditioning systems must provide optimal performance and humidity conditions for textile manufacture besides providing adequate air purity conditions for protection of workers' health. Two systems for air conditioning were studied. One is the conventional system supplying air from ceiling ducts, which is then extracted with dust from floor gratings, while the other is the sulzer condifil working zone unit supplying air from floor gratings directly to the working and attendance zone and extracted through ceiling ducts. The difference in design is apt to produce difference in efficiency of dust collection. Four mills were surveyed, two working on the principle of conventional conditioning and the other two on the principle of condifil conditioning. The capacity of each conditioning unit, and the air changes/hr in each mill were measured. Total and airborne cotton dust concentration were measured gravimetrically and by the use of vertical elutriator in each mill. Temprature and humidity were simultaneously measured. Dust concentration were found to be high in the four mills, exceeding the TLV of 750 ug/m[3] recommended for weaving operations [ACGIH, 1983]. Condifil conditioning system was found to be more economic than conventional system [10 air changes/hour compared to 28 changes/hour], however, dust concentrations were higher in condifil, revealing a lower efficiency of such system in dust control.

Comparative study of traffic density on air pollution in Alexandria city

This study was carried out on four main streets of the city of Alexandria. To find out the effect of traffic on air pollution, the only two streets, that have no vehicle movement [El Falaky and El Naby Daniel] on certain days of the week [Fridays and Saturdays] had been studied. The results indicated clearly that the average concentrations of pollutants studied [Carbon monoxide, T.S.P., Pb, HC] were the highest on days of usual traffic density, while the lowest were on days no vehicle movement. The concentrations were generally higher at El-Falaky and at El Naby Daniel streets. This prevailing trend assures the role that the factors of width, highness of buildings, traffic density and the driving modes play an important role in deciding the concentration of pollutants. Port Said and Saad Zaghloul streets, having a continuous vehicle movement during the whole days of the week, had been studied as comparable streets and for stressing the effect of wind direction and speed on the vehical and horizontal dispersion of pollutants. The prevailing trend was that port said street had always a higher percent of pollutants than Saad Zaghloul street. It deserves mentioning that Sundays had been characterized by less traffic density than other days of the week and a consequent decrease of traffic pollution

study of air pollution in Alexandria

The present study was conducted in 1975 to assess the magnitude of the problem of air pollution in Alexandria, determine major sources of pollution and their contribution to the overall problem and evaluate the role of metreological features of the city on this problem. Samples of settled deposits and total suspended particulate [TSP], as well as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, were collected from 12 stations distributed throughout Alexandria, and were further-analysed for sulfate, nitrate, chloride, other water-soluble fractions, organic matters, minerals and trace elements. Results revealed: [a] higher level of total deposits on the city than the acceptable one especially in the industrial sector; [b] higher levels of TSP, and sulfate content, than the acceptable levels; [c] variation of the levels of sulfate, nitrate, chloride, organic matters and ash, and the trace elements sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, lead, zinc and copper in the different sectors of the city as related to industrial and human activities there; [d] variation of the levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide as related to industrial and traffic activities and to dispersion of the pollutants by prevailing wind; and [e] that the prevailing metreological conditions have a major impact on the levels of the pollutants. It has been recommended to: [a] limit establishing new industries in only the southern sector of Alexandria [e.g. Amria], [b] transfer industries presenting major pollution sources into this zone with subsequent installment of air pollution control equipment, [c] proper management of traffic, [d] examination of vehicle engines and control of impaired ones, [e] proper management of construction, and [f] management of city cleaning

Study of air quality during public gathering: movie theatres

CO, NO2, CO2, particulates and effective temperatures wee measured in three groups of movie theatres: First class ventilated [Av], first class non-ventilated [An] and second class unventilated theatres [B]. All contaminants increased with increase in percentage occupancy; CO, NO2 and CO2 exceeded their acceptable their acceptable levels at percentage occupancy 50 percent, particulates were several folds higher than acceptable levels. Effective temperature was controlled by both ambient temperature and percentage occupancy. It was particularly uncomfortable in summer during days shows. A marked difference was observed between ventilated and non ventilated theatres, second class theatres [B] had relatively higher concentration than first class theatres [An]. Summer values were lower than winter values due to the opening of windows and doors in hot weather. Excessive contaminants and heat content arose from both cigarette smoking and the natural respiration process of occupants. Enforcement of smoking regulations and forced ventilation [Ai conditioning] systems were recommended in such public gatherings

Study of the air pollution problem in a solid waste dumping site and adjacent area in Alexandria

Open dumping is the main method of disposal in Alexandria and is responsible for many nuisances such as evolution of heavy clouds of smoke, fly ash, irritating and noxious gases, malodors, etc. Gases and airborne and settled dust were sampled during winter season and analyzed to their constituents. High concentrations of gases and dust were encountered at stations located in dump site [I-IV] followed by those located downwind of dump site [V and XI]. High particulate concentrations were found in station VII located in industrial area and station VI exposed to traffic activities in the Agricultural highway. Other stations located upwind were not affected. Percent organic, sulfate and chloride content were found to be higher in dust collected from the dump site [I-IV] than the city site [V-XV]. Finally it was concluded that the other sites located around the dump area may be affected by dump site at different prevailing wind directions

Photocopying machines as a potential indoor source of ozone

Most of the photocopying machines produced enough ozone to clearly affect room concentrations with concentrations as high as 314 micro g/m[3] and an average of 120.34 micro g/m[3]. Ozone concentrations were related to room size, number of copies produced, make and model of the machine. A mathematical model has been formulated interrelating all these factors together. Servicing and cleaning reduced appreciably ozone emissions [74.1-78.4%]. Application of a ventilation system had a marked effect on reduction of ozone levels [59.7%]