Traumatic dental injuries: review of hard tissue fractures treatment guidelines

Dental injury is a distressing event, often causing psychological as well as physical problems, since it normally involves the highly visible front teeth. In addition, the treatment of such injuries involves economic costs in both the short and the long term. These injuries range from minor fractures of the enamel to more major damage involving the displacement or avulsion of teeth. In most dental trauma a rapid and appropriate treatment can lessen its impact from both an oral health and an aesthetic standpoint. In this review of traumatic injuries [Dental Hard Tissue Fractures] in the permanent dentition, we will describe the classification of, assessment of and treatment strategies for managing such injuries; As well as methods of minimizing complications and preventive strategies

Effects of noise on rickshaw drivers of Karachi city

Hearing loss is the most obvious threat posed by noise pollution. Road noise is a major contributor to perceived environmental noise. The objective of this study was to assess hearing loss in rickshaw drivers of Karachi due to rickshaw noise and to analyze the non-auditory effects of noise that is hypertension and mood changes... It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at Patel Paara, Karachi. Fifty one rickshaw drivers who had been driving for at least past 5 years and were below 50 yrs of age were selected. The mean age of rickshaw drivers was 35 years. Questionnaire was filled which was translated into Urdu. Blood pressure was checked and tuning fork tests and proper Audiometry was done in all study subjects Interviews of 51 rickshaw drivers were completed. All subjects were male. They were investigated regarding. sensorineural and conduction hearing loss, blood pressure, effect of duration of driving on hearing and tinnitus. Audiometry results clearly showed that hearing of most of the rickshaw drivers was affected. The hearing loss observed in most of the study subjects was sensorineural in type, while few of the subjects also showed conduction loss. Majority of the subjects was found to be hypertensive on examination. There was loss of hearing and tinnitus among rickshaw drivers that seems to be most probably a result of their noisy occupation. Noise was also found to be a risk factor for developing mild to moderate hypertension. Use of silencers by rickshaw drivers and proper legislation by the government can result in less hearing loss and less noise pollution in the envioronment

Awareness regarding complications of hypertension

The considerable increase in incidence of hypertension and threat of its complication, the need emerged to know about the awareness regarding the complications of hypertension among the individuals suffered from this. The objective of the study was to calculate the magnitude of complication and to identify the most common complication of hypertension. For this purpose data was collected randomly form 50 hypertensive patients from different localities of Karachi. The result showed that ANGINA is the most common complication of hypertension, that is 11 [36.6%] while the subsequent complications were eye problems, Myocardial infarction and Renal failure Hypertension is common among obese and average built people. It is also common among people having stressful life style. It is recommended to such individuals to cut down their salt intake, start doing exercises and try to stay calm and relaxed