Diagnosis of hydatid cyst parotid gland by fine needle aspiration cytology [FNAC]

Fine Needle aspiration of parotid gland swellings is commonly done as a first line investigation. Fine needle aspiration of one such cystic lesion in a 45 years old female was performed. The cytopathological appearance of the aspirate turned out to be typical of Hydatid Cyst. The case is reported with review of literature

Cytological grading of breast cancer according to robinson's grading system

Objective: To see the correlation between cytological parameters and grading of breast cancer according to Robinson's grading system on Fine needle aspiration smears. Study design: It was a correlational descriptive study

Study Design: It was a corelational descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: It was conducted in the Histopathology Department, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology[MUST], Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Nov 2012 to Nov 2013

Material and Methods: All cases diagnosed as breast cancer [C 5] or suspicious of breast cancer [C 4], on Fine needle aspiration cytology, were included in the study and women already taking treatment were excluded. A total of 102 samples were included in the study through non probability convenience sampling

Result: The cytological parameters of Robinson's grading system including cell dissociation, nuclear margins and nuclear chromatin showed weak correlation with tumor grade. While cell size, cell uniformity and nucleoli showed moderate correlation. All the parameters were statistically significant with p-value<0.05

Conclusion: This study concludes that all the cytological parameters of Robinson's grading system have correlation with tumor grade

Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of small intestinal biopsies in adults suspected of celiac disease

Objective: To analyse histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of small intestinal biopsies in adults suspected of celiac disease. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Histopathology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from November 2014 to December 2015

Methodology: Fifty cases of small intestinal mucosal biopsies [duodenal and jejunal] were analysed in adult patients aged above 14 years suspected of celiac disease. Their histomorphological data was recorded using Modified Marsh Criteria. Type of intraepithelial lymphocytes was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were counted both by H and E stain and immunostain CD3 and CD20

Results: Thirty-four percent patients were aged between 21 - 30 years and 22% patients aged between 41 - 50 years. There were 84% [n=42] males. Thirteen [26%] cases showed focal villous atrophy, 32 [64%] cases showed partial villous atrophy and 5[10%] cases showed complete villous atrophy. Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody was positive in 21[42%] cases. CD3 immunomarker was positive for intraepithelial lymphocytes in all 50 cases while CD20 immunomarker showed focal positivity in areas with lymphoid follicle formation. The count of intraepithelial lymphocytes was found to be almost equal [with a difference of 3 - 4 lymphocytes] on both H and E stain and immunostain CD3 and CD20

Conclusion: Males aged 21 - 30 years were the most commonly affected group. The most frequent change in histology was partial villous atrophy along with lymphocytic enteritis. All the intraepithelial lymphocytes were present in crescendo- pattern of distribution

Aggravation of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity by ciprofloxacin

To evaluate histopathological changes of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits receiving the combination of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin compared with rabbits receiving gentamicin alone. Laboratory based Randomized controlled trial. Study was conducted in the department of Histopathology with the collaboration of the department of Pharmacology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi and National University of Sciences and Technology [NUST] Islamabad. Eighteen rabbits were used in this study. They were divided randomly into three groups. Each group contained six rabbits. Group 1 [control] was injected subcutaneously with 0.9% NaCl. The second group of animals was injected with gentamicin. The third group of animals was injected with the same dose of gentamicin and additionally ciprofloxacin. The findings were entered and analyzed with the help of histopathological [HP] score calculated by summing up the histological parameters through Microsoft excel and Graph pad Instat 3. Necrosis, congestion and inflammatory infiltrate were graded as absent, mild, moderate and severe. The score assigned was from 0 to 4 accordingly. Highest tubular necrosis grade [grade 3] and maximum inflammatory changes [moderate grade] were observed in 50% of rabbits of group 3, receiving combination of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. p-values were significant <0.01. Combined administration of ciprofloxacin along with gentamicin in rabbits enhances adverse histopathological effects of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity

Diagnostic accuracy of endometrial curettage in endometrial pathology

Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most frequent problems in life of an adult female. Uterine curettage or biopsy remains a preferred sampling procedure for diagnosis of the endometrial pathology. The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of endometrial curettage. This validation study was carried out at the Department of Histopathology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi in collaboration with Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from January to December 2010. The study included 50 curettage and subsequent hysterectomy specimen of the same patients. Non-probability sampling technique was used to divide patients into two groups with 50 patients in each group. One group was of endometrial curettage having endometrial pathology [group A]. Second group was of subsequent hysterectomy specimen of the same patients [group B]. Endometrial curettage was found most accurate in diagnosing endometrial carcinoma. Sensitivity of endometrial curettage was found to be 33% whereas specificity and positive predictive value was found to be 100% each. Negative predictive value was found to be 93.1%. Endometrial biopsy is a sensitive and a specific test in and is accurate in diagnosing endometrial pathology. It is found most accurate in diagnosing endometrial carcinoma

Pulmonary function studies in Pakistani cotton ginners

The present study explored the relationship between the pulmonary functions and exposure to cotton dust. Pulmonary function tests i.e. forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in first second [FEV1], and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR] were recorded in 64 non smoker cotton ginners. The data on pulmonary function test for healthy Pakistani population from previous studies was used as control. The follow-up study for lung function testing on the same cotton ginners was conducted from 1999 and repeated yearly up to 2005. Because of cotton dust exposure, cotton ginners showed a significant decline in their pulmonary function [P<0.05] .We concluded that the continuous exposure to cotton dust in ginners is associated with an increased progressive impairment of pulmonary functions