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Background:Hepatitis B vaccine has been introduced in Nigeria for over a decade now, yet, data on sero-conversion status of the immunized cohort in the population are scarce. Such data are important for objective evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of the HBV vaccination program This study therefore aims at determining the sero-conversion status and the prevalence of HBV infection among immunized cohort of children in Ekiti state, Nigeria.Methodology:This cross-sectional study was conducted across the three senatorial districts of Ekiti state, between October and December, 2017. A total of 441 children consisting of 226 males and 215 females (Male to female ratio= 1.1:1).Immunization was confirmed by immunization cards. Multistage sampling technique was used. Questionaire were administered after caregiver’s consentand assent from subjects, 2 to 5mls of blood samples were then collected and tested for the various hepatitis B viral markers (HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb, HBsAb and HBsAg) using Hepatitis B combo kit manufactured by Innovita Biological Technology. Very low levels antibody titres which may not be detectable by qualitative detection method used is a limitation to this study.Results:Subjects were between 5 to 10 years. All subjects had 3 full doses of hepatitis B vaccination before the age of 1 year and all subjects were negative for HBsAg, HBeAg, HBeAB and HBcAb. However, only 47 (10.7%) had detectable HBsAb. Among HBsAb positive patients 22 were males while 25 were females. Our findings showed zero prevalence of hepatitis B but minimal seroconversion rate among vaccinated children in Ekiti state, Nigeria.Conclusion:Hepatitis B vaccination protects children against HBV in the study population. However, seroconversion rate showed that majority of the children may be at risk of HBV infection at a later age. We recommend a booster dose of HBV vaccination
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Aims: To determine the bacteriological quality and geophysical abiotic components including mineral elements of public drinking water sources in Akungba-Akoko community located in South West Nigeria. Study Design: Water and soil samples were collected from selected ground water (e.g., well, borehole) and surface water (e.g., streams) in 20 various locations of Akungba-Akoko community. Similarly, Geographical positioning system (GPS) of the sampling site was determined. Methodology: Total bacteria and coliform content of water samples were enumerated using the pour plate technique. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, turbidity and temperature and mineral elements constituents were determined. Total bacterial count, phosphorus (P) and copper (Cu) were also determined in the soil samples. Results: The total bacterial count ranged from as low as 1.0 x 102 cfu/mL in GLAS site to 1.22 x 106 cfu/mL in sample site GLA9, while the coliforms count ranged from 5.0 x 101 cfu/mL in well water of sample site GLG1 to 36 x 104 cfu/mL and 3.8 x 105 cfu/mL in sample site GL9 and GL7 respectively. As for soil sources, the total heterotrophic bacterial count range was from 1.8 x105 cfu/g to 8.7 x105 cfu/g. Total hardness of the water sources ranged from 4.46 ppm in sample site GLA2 to 216.86 ppm in well water (GLWS 6) in Akungba. High levels of lead in some areas as in Araromi pond zone (GLCW16) and Well water 2nd Market (GLBWS 6) among others, exceeded the maximum permissible level of 0.10 mg/L. The pH of water sources range from pH 5.52 to pH 7.91 while temperature ranges from 23ºC to 28ºC. Conclusion: This study shows that many sources of public drinking water supply in Akungba-Akoko are microbiologically substandard with possible infiltration of some chemical contaminants. Hence, routine monitoring and protection of the water resources is necessary in this community to improve the quality of drinking water and avoid possible associated health risks.
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Purpose: Virulence genes play important roles in pathogenesis of infections caused by S. aureus. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PVL, eta and mecA genes in S. aureus isolated from patients in South-Western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 116 S. aureus isolates from the clinical specimens submitted to laboratories in tertiary hospitals in the South Western Nigeria were used. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out to determine the susceptibility pattern of the isolates using multiple antibiotics disc. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also carried out to determine the degree of resistant of the isolates to methicillin. PCR was used to screen for the presence of PVL, eta, and mecAgenes. Results:mecA gene was detected in 48 (41.4%) of 116 strains of S. aureus. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 for mecA negative strains were 1 and 8 μg/ml, respectively while the MIC 50 and MIC 90 for mecA positive were >256 μg/ml. Twenty eight (24.1%) of 116 isolates were PVL gene positive with none of them mecA+. The prevalence of community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) was estimated to be 6.9% using molecular techniques. No localization of mecA gene and PVL gene on the genome of the entire S. aureus strains studied. Site of isolation of organism /specimen type was found to be associated with the prevalence of PVL+ and mecA+ S. aureus (P< 0.01). Conclusion: This study concludes that the PVL+ MRSA is rare and the prevalence of CA-MRSA is low in South-Western, Nigeria.
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Aim: To determine the microbiological quality of catfish meant for public consumption in the university community, Akungba-Akoko. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 01, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria, between May 2010 and June 2011. Methodology: Fresh catfish, Claria gariepinus, sample obtained from typical fish pond in Akungba-Akoko was subjected to microbiological Investigation in the Laboratory. Nutrient Agar, Eosine Methylene Blue Agar and Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar were generally used for isolation and maintenance of cultures during the study. Moreover a pour plate technique was used for the estimation of the total bacterial and coliform counts. Results: The total plate count of fish skin samples gave high bacterial count of 65 x 102 cfu/ml, the coliforms count was 7.0 x 101 cfu/ml, while the anaerobic organisms encountered gave a value of 20 x 101 cfu/ml. Similarly, bacterial count of 2.25 x 107 cfu/ml coliform count of 1.35 x 104 cfu/ml and 6.5 x 104 cfu/ml anaerobic organisms were obtained from gills. The isolated bacteria species identified were Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Microcococcus spp, and members of enterobacteriaceae which include Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp were found in the skin of the fresh fish. Other complex forms of bacterial species were also encountered in the gills of catfish sample used for this study. This includes S. aureus, E. coli, Bacillus spp. The total aerobic counts of the Clarias gariepinus (Catfish) sample were determined and the results of this study shows that the largest numbers of anaerobic microbes were found in gills. Conclusion: The study suggests adequate monitoring of our fish ponds with a view of adding some antibiotics to their feeds to reduce infectious agents from this source.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Tight control of diabetes in the outpatients will reduce complications and hospitalizations. This study of Nigerian patients with diabetes examined the adequacy of glycemic and BP control in line with current guidelines. A 4 month retrospective analysis of type 2 diabetics attending Medical Outpatients Department (MOPD) of Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria between June and September 2008 was carried out using medical records of the patients. SPSS 13 software was used to analyze data. Data are expressed as mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) and frequency expressed as a percentage where necessary. A total of 308 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, aged between 35 and 85 years were analyzed. Their mean age was 60.90 ± 11.60years. There were 125 males (40.6%) and 183 females (59.4%) giving an M: F ratio of 1:1.46. Mean duration of clinic attendance was 26.18 ± 24.46 months. Glycemic control was achieved in only about a third of the patients (29.3% and 32.5% using IDF-Europe and ADA criteria respectively). Blood pressure control was achieved in 24.5% and 48.7% had BMI ⥠25kg/m2. No correlation between mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and body mass index (BMI). Frequencies of insulin and low dose aspirin use were low (5.3% and 37% respectively). The results from this study showed poor control of blood glucose, BP and weight in the patients. We are of the opinion that current practices are not aggressive enough to manage a substantial proportion of type 2 diabetes patients