Investigation of composition extracts, biological activities and optimization of Solanum nigrum L. extraction growing in Iran

Raw materials including medicinal plants are gaining popularity for the production of reliable and safe medicines suitable for human. Response Surface Methodology [RSM] is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques used for solving the optimization problems. Using the RSM method, compounds, extracts, antioxidant and antibacterial agents of methanol, hexane, chloroform and water extracts of black nightshade [Solanum nigrum] found in Iran, had been studied for this research. GC and GC/MS had been used to determine the composition of the extracts from the aerial parts of S. nigrum. The major components of these varieties are alkane and alkane acid derivatives. The research has shown significant results that the maximum antioxidant activity was achieved in the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] test, and significant differences were also observed between the extracts and solvents in this respect [P<0.05, R[2] [adj]=99.97%]. As regards the antibacterial activity, the chloroform extract has the largest zone of growth inhibition diameter in which the gram-positive bacteria were cultured

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of various extracts of malcolmia africana [L.] R. Br

Antioxidants are compounds that protect the body against cell membrane injury or damage to the cell's genetic material from free radical activity. The objective of this research was to study the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various extracts from the seeds and aerial parts of Malcolmia africana [L.] R. Br. The overall results of M. africana tests allowed us to study the various extracts [hexane extract [HE], methanol extract [ME] and chloroform extract [CE]] of the test total phenolic, ABTS [[2, 2'-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid]]] and DPPH [2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl] and also to test beta-carotene, largest property antioxidant. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of both samples was determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The amount of total phenolics was highest in the methanol extract [ME] of the seeds [225.19 +/- 0.02] and aerial parts [208.52 +/- 0.012 mg] Gallic acid/gr sub-fractions. The property antioxidant shows both of the mechanisms of electron transfer and the hydrogen transfer which the extracts has gone through. This investigation showed that ME has the highest antioxidant behavior. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts of both samples were determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The bioassay shows that the seeds and aerial parts exhibit moderate antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the extracts could be suitable as antimicrobial and anti-oxidative agents in the food industry

Biological activities and chemical composition of the stems and roots of Helichrysum oligocephalum DC grown in Iran

Helichrysum has long been used medicinally, proving to be beneficial in treatment of acne, asthma, bronchitis and circulatory problems, and lymphatic system diseases. The objective of this research was to study the antioxidant and antibacterial activities and chemical composition of the compounds derived from the stems and roots of cultivated H. oligocephalum using gas chromatography [GC] and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [GC-MS]. The primary components found in the stem oil were ortho-vanillin [51.0%] and carvacrol [16.0%], and those found in the root oil were 1,8-cineole [30.6%] and isobornyl acetate [13.9%]. Stem and root oils of H. oligocephalum demonstrated antibacterial activity, particularly in relation to Gram-positive bacteria. In a beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, the root oil of H. oligocephalum demonstrated an antioxidant effect. Antioxidant capacity measured with 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] assay was 1205.0 for the stem oil and 722.8 micro g/ml for the root oil

Biotransformation of germacranolide from Onopordon leptolepies by Aspergillus niger

Terpenes are present in the essential oils obtained from herbs and spices. They are produced by these plant species as a chemical defense mechanism against phytopathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, terpenes have attracted great attention in the food industry, e.g., they have been used in foods such as cheese as natural preservatives to prevent fungal growth. Herein, we describe the microbial transformation of onopordopicrin [1] by Aspergillus niger. Four product 11alpha H-dihydroonopordopicrin [2], 11beta H-dihydroonopordopicrin [3], 3beta-hydroxy-11beta Hdihydroonopordopicrin [4], and 14-hydroxy-11 beta H-dihydroonopordopicrin [5] were obtained. Their structures were identified on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data. All the four compounds were novel

Biological activities of Eremostachys laevigata Bunge. grown in Iran

Essential oil from flowers, stems, and roots of Eremostachys laevigata Bunge. gathered in Iran was analyzed using gas chromatography [GC] and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy [GC/MS], and 23, 21, and 9 compounds were identified, respectively. The primary components of all three oils were found to be 1,8-cineole, benzaldehyde, and piperitenone oxide: 18.3%, 18.7%, and 2.5%; 17.9%, 7.7%, and 63.3%; and 15.7%, 21.3%, and 1.2%, respectively. The oils derived from flowers and stems also contained cis-piperitone oxide as a major component [10.1% and 12.2%, respectively]. E. laevigata oil showed antibacterial activity, particularly towards Gram-positive bacteria; additionally antioxidant activity was induced with IC[50] of flowers, stems and roots of E. laevigata [277.1, 495.0, and 212.6 microg/ml], respectively. Furthermore, under beta-carotene-linoleic acid test assay the flower, stem, and root oils of E. laevigata had a high antibacterial effect

Biological activities of various extracts and chemical composition of trigonella monantha c. a. mey. subsp. monantha grown in Iran

The objective of this research was to study the biological activities of various extracts and the chemical composition of the essential oil Trigonella monantha C. A. Mey. subsp. monantha by gas chromatography [GC] and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [GC-MS], from the compounds derived from the aerial parts. The overall results of T. monantha tests allow us to conclude various extracts [hexane extract [HE], methanol extract [ME] and chloroform extract [CE]] of the test total phenolic, ABTS and DPPH while also testing beta-carotene largest property antioxidant. The property antioxidant shows the extracts of both mechanisms of electron transfer and the hydrogen transfer it has gone through. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of both samples was determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The strongest activity exhibited by the T. monantha of ME was determined to be 49.58 micro g/mL and was exhibited by ME

Volatile compounds of essential oil Centaurea behen L. grown in Iran

The essential oils from Compositae specie of Iran:Centaurea behen L. obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. beta-Caryooyllane [24.5%], beta-selinene [13.9%] and valencene [11.7%] were the main components among the sixteen constituents characterized in the oil of Centaurea behen representing 93.7% of the total components detected