ABSTRACT
Purpose: microgravity causes major changes in various systems of the body in space, such as shift in cerebrospinal fluid, decreased red blood cells count, and electrolyte loss. These complications are very important in space and we should find new approaches to prevent the side effects of microgravity in astronauts
Materials and Methods: this experimental study was conducted on 21 adult male rats in three groups: control, Hind-limb unloaded, Hind-limb unloaded plus Erythropoietin. SPSS software was used for data analysis. RBC indices were assessed in the first, third and fourteenth day in different groups
Results: the highest mean of hemoglobin was 17.98 +/- .35 in the Hind-limb unloaded plus Erythropoietin group [on the 3[rd] day] and the lowest amount was 13.52 +/- 1.22 in the Hind-limb unloaded group [on the 14[th] day]. The P value to compare RBC and reticulocyte count in Hindlimb unloaded group with those in Hind-limb unloaded plus Erythropoietin group was .017 [on the3[rd] day], to compare hemoglobin in Hind-limb unloaded group with that in Hind-limb unloaded plus Erythropoietin group was 0.004 [on the 3[rd] day], and to compare reticulocyte values in Hind-limb unloaded group with those of Hind-limb unloaded plus Erythropoietin group was 0.036 [on the 14[th] day]
Conclusion: the lowest amount of RBC indices was in the Hind-limb unloaded group [on the 14[th] day]. RBC indices were significantly higher in Hind-limb unloaded plus Erythropoietin group than those on the 1[st] day. Erythropoietin injection induced significant improvement in RBC indices in rats under microgravity condition. Erythropoietin is very useful to prevent space anemia and its highest effect occurson the 3[rd] day after injection. This is as an innovative method to prevent space anemia
ABSTRACT
To calculate the costs of the radiology ward by step-down method in Amir Alam hospital, Tehran, Iran. By employing the Step-down cost accounting [SDCA] method, the current cost, overhead cost, capital cost and depreciation charge etc. of the radiology ward of Amiralam hospital and then considering the number of the rendered services the unit cost of such services have been calculated. Costs of the service unit computed for a simple radiology services were Rls 50,064/-, for sonography, Rls 70,300/-, and for CT scan, Rls 245,142/-. The tariffs of the Ministry of Health and medical Educations only cover about fifty percent of the said costs. The personnel costs of the unit which were Rls 1,788,100,000/-, formed about 62% of the entire costs of the Radiology Ward. In order to compute costs and use analyses of costs in the management of the hospital, we need real and available accounting data. We further need to use an identical accounting method all over the country and to save accounting information according to the computation of the costs of the service units. We can finally determine real tariffs once we do multiple researches in different hospital, using the same method