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Adherence to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive guidelines (ACPG) is an important strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic effectively. The present study aimed to identify and summarize the social determinants of ACPG among the general population. A comprehensive review was performed from December 2019 to February 2021 through searching electronic databases. Two independent reviewers assessed and selected relevant studies. Next, the characteristics and main findings of the included studies were summarized. Finally, the World Health Organization’s conceptual framework of social determinants of health was used to synthesize the identified social determinants of ACPG. Forty-one of 453 retrieved articles met the inclusion criteria. The study results showed different patterns of ACPG among various communities. Furthermore, 84 social determinants were identified and categorized into structural and intermediary determinants. ACPG is a set of complex behaviors associated with different individual sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics; living and working conditions; COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions; exposure to sources and information level; leisure activities; social support; trust; social norms; psychosocial well-being; socio-economic position; and the socio-economic and political context. Interventions to promote ACPG among the general population should consider the identified social determinants of ACPG.
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Background: Pain is a common complaint among the aging population, particularly among the older residents of nursing homes.
Aims: The main aim of the study was to examine the pain characteristics among older residents of nursing homes in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 394 older adults admitted to Tehran nursing homes. To gather the required data, Brief Pain Inventory and Abbreviated Mental Test score were used.
Results: 51% of the female and 26% of the male participants suffered from pain. Lower extremity and lower part of back were the most frequently affected. Pain interfered with general activity [P < 0.001], mood [P = 0.016], walking [P < 0.001], normal work [P < 0.001], relations with others [P = 0.043], sleeping [P = 0.002] and enjoyment of life [P = 0.019] of the older residents and these effects were more prominent in female sex. Factors such as age, gender and schooling were of significant relationships with pain [P < 0.001] and its intensity [P <0.001].
Conclusions: Chronic pain is common among older residents of nursing homes and deteriorates their quality of life. This study reconfirms the previously mentioned importance of using effective pain evaluation and pain management strategies in nursing homes.
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Objective: The aim of this work was translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the Rapid Office Stress Assessment [ROSA] checklist
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted according to the IQOLA method. 100 office workers were selected in order to carry out a psychometric evaluation of the ROSA checklist by performing validity [face and convergent] analyses. The convergent validity was evaluated using RULA checklist. Checklist face validity was performed in two stages, firstly by consulting specialists in the field of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and ergonomics and then through evaluating checklist by 9 ergonomists. Data analysis were done using SPSS 19
Results: The results indicated that on the whole the translation of phrases and questionnaire sentences was easy and the quality of translation was good. Validation of the Persian version questionnaire was checked and major changes were made to the ROSA checklist. Spearman correlation coefficient between total score of ROSA check list and RULA checklist was significant [r=0.7, P<0.0001]
Conclusion: The translated version of the ROSA checklist is acceptable in terms of face validity, convergent validity in target society, and hence provides a useful instrument for assessing Iranian office workers
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Humans , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , ChecklistABSTRACT
Introduction: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] is a disorder of neurobiological behavioral system. This disorder includes features such as attention deficit, impulsivity, and chronic, disproportionate-with-growth hyperactivity which reduce the child's ability to regulate, control, organize his behavior and cause attention deficit in activity of daily living [ADL]. ADHD is one of the most common childhood disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of QEEG-based biofeedback on behavioral and attention factors of 7 to 14 year-old boys diagnosed with ADHD
Method: 40 boys diagnosed with ADHD were randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. Integrated Visual and Auditory [IVA] test and Children's Behavioral Check List [CBCL] were used before the treatment and after 8 intervening weeks of treatment in both groups. Moreover, the brain mapping [QEEG] of the experimental group was used to design a treatment protocol. The experimental group received 24 sessions of neurofeedback therapy three times a week. The acquired data was analyzed using the Analysis of Covariance [ACNOVA]
Results: Our findings demonstrated a significant difference in test results between the experimental and control groups upon IVA and CBCL tests following the neurofeedback intervention. Moreover, there was a significant difference between pre- and post-tests in the neurofeedback group. Interaction effect was insignificant at the time
Conclusion: Results of the present study showed that neurofeedback can bring significant improvements in attention factors especially, sustained attention and children's externalizing behaviors. As such, neurofeedback may be considered as one of the therapeutic modalities used along with core therapies and medication, though, more research is needed to compare the clinical effects of different treatment protocols with one another
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Speech and language development is one of the main aspects of evolution in humans and is one of the most complex brain functions such that it is referred to as one of the highest cortical functions such as thinking, reading and writing. Speech and language disorders are considered as a major public health problem because they cause many secondary complications in the childhood and adulthood period which affect one's socioeconomic status overall. This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was to identify all potential factors influencing delay in referral of children with speech and language disorders for receiving rehabilitation services, based on literature as well as the families' and experts' points of view. In the second phase of the study which was designed in a case-control manner, actual factors influencing the time of referral were compared between two groups of participants. Receiving proper counseling by physicians about importance of the issue had significant impact on the on-time referral for treatment of children with speech and language disorders. After definite diagnosis of speech and language disorders in the child, parents' awareness about the consequences of speech and language disorders had a significant influence on early referral for speech and language pathology services and our hypothesis was confirmed. Discussion: This study highlighted the importance of multiple factors and their relationship with the time of referral, the majority of which were somehow related to one of two major factors: parental awareness and concerns, and physicians' counseling. As described earlier, our study showed that before diagnosis of the child's disorder is definitely given, the physicians' counseling regarding the importance and necessity of early diagnosis, as well as of screening and diagnostic tests play a significant role in the time of referral for receiving speech and language pathology services
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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of psycho-rehabilitation [Dohsa-hou] on improving the quality of life of 4-12 year old children with cerebral palsy
Methods: The present research is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test - post-test design, follow-up and control group. The statistical population fully consists of children with cerebral palsy in Yazd. 30 male patients were selected using a convenience sampling method and were divided into the experiment and control groups. Before beginning treatment, parents filled out the quality of life questionnaire and at the end of the treatment period in the post-test and follow-up phase the same assessment was done. The treatment period in the experiment group was 12 sessions [three sessions per week] and the follow-up phase was done 50 days after the test
Results: The results obtained from the analysis of covariance showed that psychological rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy improves their quality of life and that this difference was persistent in the follow-up phase [P <0.001]
Discussion: Since the rate of cerebral palsy is rising and the symptoms are wide, patients may have an increased need for rehabilitation in the future. Dohsa-hou as a psychological rehabilitation approach is an effective treatment to improve the quality of life of these patients
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Objective: Stroke is a major event in one's life, and patients will inevitably require the use of coping strategies in order to try to reestablish acceptable life equilibrium. Due to the extensive role that nurses can be active members in the patient's rehabilitation plan, the Mauk model is a model that focuses on stroke patients. For each stage of this model, Mauk has developed appropriate rehabilitation nursing interventions. This study aimed to analyze the effect of implementation of the Mauk nursing rehabilitation model [Agonizing phase, Fantasy phase, Realizing phase] on the coping strategies of stroke patients
Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental one-group pre-test - post-test study. The interventions are identified and coping strategies for patients based on the Mauk model have been trained. Convenience sampling has been done in Imam Khomeini hospital and Tabassom rehabilitation center in 1392. Data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire and a coping strategies questionnaire for stroke patients. The educational program was implemented in sessions of 45 minutes. The patients' coping strategies, before and after training, were assessed. Data was statistically analyzed using descriptive and inferential tests in SPSS software 16
Results: The mean score for coping strategies before intervention was 111.42 +/- 11.71, and after intervention was 102.14 +/- 12.45 [P<0.05]. The physical, mental and social dimensions in the coping strategies showed significant differences before and after intervention
Discussion: Using the rehabilitation program interventions for effectively dealing with stress, changing and unpredictable behavior patterns in chronic patients is an important component of the treatment protocol, and helps deliver an increase in coping strategies for stroke patients
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Objective: There are various developmental screening tools that are different in terms of psychometric characteristics and choosing the best one is challenging for the pediatrician. This research was designed to identify the validity and reliability of Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status, a developmental screening questionnaire, in 4-60 months-old children in the city of Tehran
Methods: In order to validate the Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status, a precise translation of the questionnaire was performed by the research team. A Persian version was back-translated by three English language experts who were unfamiliar with the Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status. The back-translated version was compared with the original version. The content validity of the finalized Persian version was verified by three pediatricians. The questionnaire was performed on 648 children ranging from 4 to 60 months old in healthcare clinics. A test-retest method with 2-3 weeks interval and Cronbach's alpha were used in order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire
Results: All of the questions in Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status had desirable content validity and there was no need to change them. The total Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.63, which, when considering the low number of items in Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status, is acceptable. The test-retest correlation coefficient was determined to be 0.87, which is desirable. The estimated Kappa measure agreement between Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status and Ages and Stages Questionnaires was 0.30. Due to the rather large sample size and similarity of the screening results by both questionnaires in 71.5% of cases, it is possible to conclude that this measure is an acceptable one
Discussion: This research showed that Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status has a good content validity and reliability and can be used for developmental screening of children in Tehran city. Because the test is brief, using it can lead to saving time and resources
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Objective: The relation between autism disorder's symptoms and cognitive capabilities can help with a better phenotype description of this disorder and can facilitate its pathological evaluation and treatment. Destruction of executive functions seems to be one of the cognitive reasons of potential phenotype in autism disorder. Thus, the present paper aims to study the relationship between executive dysfunction and autism disorder's symptoms
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional research, 50 children with high-functioning autism were selected using convenience sampling method from Behara, Tehranpars and Roshd centers. Then, the GARS test and Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire was completed by therapists and neuropsychological tests of Strop and continuous performance test and shift attention were taken by the subjects. Pearson correlation coefficient and multi-variant regression were used for data analysis
Results: There is a significant positive relationship between selective attention with communicative and social interaction symptoms, sustained attention with social interaction symptoms and repetitive behaviors, shifting attention with communicative, social interaction and repetitive behavior symptoms [P<0.001] [P<0.01] [P<0.05]. In addition, the results of regression analysis also revealed that selective attention and shifting attention can predict communication, and sustained attention can predict social interaction and repetitive behaviors symptoms [P<0.01] [P<0.05]
Conclusion: The results obtained by this study indicate the significant role of executive functions in autistic symptoms. Thus, it is recommended to consider new treatment interventions in repairing executive functions for treatment of children with autistic disorder
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Objectives: Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability. Hand motor impairment resulting from chronic stroke may have extensive physical, psychological, economical, and social implications despite available rehabilitative treatments. The best time to start treatment for stroke is in sub-acute period. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation [rTMS] is a method of stimulating and augmenting the neurophysiology of the motor cortex in order to promote the neuroplastic changes that are associated with motor recovery. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols plus routine rehabilitation on hand motor functions and hand corticomotor excitability in stroke patients with hemiplegia with pure routine rehabilitation programs.
Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial which was performed on 24 patients with hemiplegia who were randomly divided in to three groups: received high frequency rTMS, received rehabilitation program with low frequency rTMSl, who were given only routine rehabilitation programs. The treatment was performed for 10 sessions, three times pre-post test and follow-up about neurophysiological contralesional hemisphere evaluations using record of MEP wave indices by single pulse TMS, and assessing functional wolf test and hand grip power of disabled hand by dynamometer.
Results: The results demonstrated that the rest MEP threshold reduction in experimental group which received high frequency magnetic stimulation was not statistically significant [P=0.387]. There was significant reduction for active MEP threshold in the within group [P=0.031]. Also there were statistically significant between obtained results from WOLF test and grip test.
Discussion: According to the results, it seems that Hf rTMS combined with routine physiotherapy can significantly improve hand functions and brain neurophysiology via specifically increase of contralesional corticomotor excitability in sever stroke patients. It indicated the role of neuroplasticity in nonlesioned hemisphere; but the hypothesis of movement improvement related cognitive balance can't be eliminated by exploring powerful approved effect of Hf rTMS on mood regulation.
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Autism is one subsets of pervasive developmental disorders that are characterized by abnormal behaviors and verbal communication. In recent years, the reason for this communication disorder has been developed for determining executive function. The current study investigated the feasibility of audiovisual stimulation intervention focused on enhancing executive function in children with high-functioning autism. 41 children diagnosed with high functioning autism randomly selected and assigned in to experimental [20] and control [21] group. Initially both of groups were administered by the "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning Test".then intervention group received 18 sessions of audiovisual stimulation across 6weeks and two groups were administered by test again. Multivariate analysis was used to compare significant advances in variables progress. Considering significance level, outcome indicates that audio visual stimulation used in the present study increased executive function [inhibition, shifting and planning ability] based on Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning measures [F= 5/55, P<0/05, F= 24/587, P< 0/05, F= 15/28, p<0/05]. These findings suggest that the audiovisual stimulation platform is a promising tool for improving executive function subsets. Similarly, the use of such technology that is user friendly appears to prevent onset of early behavioral problems and executive dysfunction in children with autism
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Humans , Female , Male , Child, Preschool , Child , Audiovisual Aids , Child , Behavior Rating Scale , Executive Function , Child BehaviorABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and occupational stress among rehabilitation staffs in Tehran's training hospitals. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 169 staff members selected from a total of 300 rehabilitation staffs working in Tehran's training hospitals, recruited by random cluster sampling. Two questionnaires were used: The emotional intelligence questionnaire designed by Petrides and Furnham and HSE occupational stress questionnaire. Data obtained from this study were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression tests. An inverse significant relationship existed between occupational stress and emotional intelligence [P<0.001, r=-0.33]. There are, also, significant relationships between subscales of emotional intelligence including self-awareness [P=0.031, r=-0.18], social skills [P<0.001, r=-0.302], empathy [P=0.006, r=-0.238] and occupational stress. The results of multiple regressions indicated that the two subscales of 'understanding other's emotions' and 'social skills' can be used for predicting occupational stress. This study confirmed the relationship between emotional intelligence and occupational stress. Promotion of emotional intelligence through implementing training courses may lower rehabilitation staffs occupational stress or prevent it
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Humans , Female , Male , Cross-Sectional Studies , Stress, Psychological , Occupational Health , Occupational Diseases , Rehabilitation , Hospitals, TeachingABSTRACT
Tick-borne diseases are of the most important diseases in the world including Iran. This survey was conducted to understand the eco-epidemiology of tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases in Qazvin province, Iran, using Geospatial Information System [GIS]. DNA samples were extracted from livestock blood samples collected from different regions of Qazvin province. 18S rRNA-based PCR targeted Theileria/ Babesia species were done. Initial parameters for mapping the local tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases and raster files were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization and Iranian Space Agency. Mapping of the parameters in relation to prevalence of these diseases were done. Statistical analysis was used for weighting parameters ranking and predicting spatial distribution in different climatic zones. Vapor pressure, precipitation, and altitude are of several environmental factors correlated with tick abundances. Based on the generated maps and the results of this survey, some predicting results could be used for predicting tick-borne diseases and their control. 9.7% of ruminant blood samples [N=16] were infected with protozoa pathogens from the genera Theileria and all of the specimens were negative regarding to Babesia genera. Results showed that prediction of a very high prevalence of Theileria/ Babesia species and mapping endangered area is possible in different parts of Iran. Based on the environmental conditions, key factors exist for host-seeking and range expansion of ticks
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Early recognition of developmental disorders is an important goal, and equally important is avoiding misdiagnosing a disorder in a healthy child without pathology. The aim of the present study was to develop an artificial neural network using perinatal information to predict developmental disorder at infancy. A total of 1,232 mother-child dyads were recruited from 6,150 in the original data of Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran. Thousands of variables are examined in this data including basic characteristics, medical history, and variables related to infants. The validated Infant Neurological International Battery test was employed to assess the infant's development. The concordance indexes showed that true prediction of developmental disorder in the artificial neural network model, compared to the logistic regression model, was 83.1% vs. 79.5% and the area under ROC curves, calculated from testing data, were 0.79 and 0.68, respectively. In addition, specificity and sensitivity of the ANN model vs. LR model was calculated 93.2% vs. 92.7% and 39.1% vs. 21.7%. An artificial neural network performed significantly better than a logistic regression model
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This study aimed to investigate the level of problem-solving skills in 1-4 year-old children with early treated phenylketonuria [ETPKU]. This analytic, cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 1-4 year-old children referred to phenylketonuria [PKU] clinics that had been diagnosed on screening at birth and had been treated. The measurements were a demographic questionnaire, Ages and Stages Questionnaire [ASQ] and clinical assessment by a pediatrician. One hundred children were also selected randomly from Tehran's kindergartens as the control group, who also completed the above questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software. The mean age of the children was 29.71 months in the control group and 28.51 months in the case group. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the type of delivery and the current and birth heights, weights and head circumferences. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding problem-solving developmental skills [P < 0.000]. The level of problem-solving developmental skills in the children with ETPKU was lower than normal children. It seems that Iranian children with ETPKU, regardless of being on a diet, have lower problem-solving skills. It is recommended to revise their diet and treatment and also to plan programs for early detection, and to carry out interventions for developmental delays in these children
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Identifying the risk factors of recurrence of a disease is important both for physicians and patients. Analyzing the first recurrence may lead to an inaccurate evaluation of risk factors as it may not reflect the history of disease completely and may result in the loss of some valuable information. This study was aimed to analyze the time up to the recurrent relapses of schizophrenia as well as determining the risk factors that lead to the recurrence of the disease. In this study 159 registered schizophrenia patients at Razi hospital were selected from a longitudinal study. The effect of age, sex, marriage, start of disease, and history of head trauma variables on recurrence of disease was assessed by a frailty model. Data analysis was made on by R 2.14.1. Mean of patients' age was 21.5 +/- 6.6 year. Based on the Gamma frailty model, sex of patients [p=0.045] and history of head trauma [p=0.028] had significant effect on the hazard of recurrent relapses of Schizophrenia. In addition, the correlation of first, second and third times of recurrence was significant [p<0.001]. Based on the dependency between relapses, treatment and follow-up actions are suggested within the first recurrence time
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Cox regression model is one of the statistical methods in survival analysis. Proportionality of hazard rate is an assumption of this model. In the recent decades, artificial neural network [ANN] model has increasingly used in survival prediction. This study aimed to predict the survival probability of Gastric cancer patients using Cox regression and ANN models. In this historical-cohort study, information of total of 436 gastric cancer patients with adenocarcinomas pathology who underwent surgery at the Taleghani hospital of Tehran between 2002 and 2007 were included. Data were divided to training and testing [or validation] groups, randomly. The Cox regression model [semi-parametric model] and a three layer ANN model were used for analyzing of database. Furthermore, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] and classification accuracy were used to compare these models. Prediction accuracy of ANN and Cox regression models were 81.51% and 72.60%, respectively. In addition, AUROC of ANN and Coz regression models were 0.826 and 0.754, respectively. ANN was better than Cox regression model in terms of AUROC and accuracy of prediction. Therefore, ANN model is recommended for prediction of survival probability. These finding are very important in health research, particularly in allocation of medical resources for patients who predicted as high-risks