Comprehensive HIV/AIDS prevention: focus on youth under threat

Prevention services are the mainstay of the response to AIDS, but are seldom implemented at a scale that would turn the tide of the epidemic. Effective, inexpensive and relatively simple HIV prevention interventions do exist but the pace of the epidemic is clearly outstripping most of the efforts towards effective prevention programming. Globally, less than one fifth of people who need it have any access to prevention services. This article is a review of comprehensive prevention of HIV/AIDS in youth. A variety of factors expose young people of HIV. These include lack of HIV information, education and services. Mass media can be used as a weapon against HIV/AIDS and targeted age-based approach can create awareness about AIDS. The message of ABCs combination prevention should be given to every vulnerable client in order to have sexual safety in youth. In Pakistan, National AIDS Control Programme has a important role in general pubic awareness about AIDS. The goals of the national strategic framework are to ensure multisectorial response to HIV/AIDS, to reduce risk of infections among high risk groups, to create awareness, to reduce transmission of sexually transmitted disease, to reduce vulnerability of young people to AIDS and to improve the quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS through the provision of care and support and ensuring a secure environment for all people infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS. This is a review article

Comparative analysis of associated complications of type-1 and type-2 diabetes mellitus

To analyse the associated complications of Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes mellitus in two tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. A comparative cross sectional observational study was conducted at Khyber teaching hospital and Lady Reading hospital, Peshawar from January 2004 to February 2005. A total of 532 diagnosed patients of diabetes mellitus who had developed further complications were included. Patients were interviewed according to a pre-designed questionnaire. Out of 532 patients, 437 [82.1%] were Type-2 diabetics and 95 [17.9%] were Type-1 diabetics. Two hundred and seventy eight [52.25%] were females and 254 [47.74%] were males. Two hundred and seventy six [60.33%] patients had more than 10 years of duration of diabetes. The common complications in type-2 diabetics were coronary artery disease [CAD] in 268 [49.81%] cases, cerebrovascular accidents in 61 [11.46%] cases and diabetic ulcers in 59 [11.09%] cases. In type-1 diabetics, common complications were cardiovascular diseases in 38 [7.14%] cases, surgical ulcers in 16 [3%] cases, neuropathies in 15 [2.81%] cases and nephropathy in 9 [1.69%] cases. Type-2 diabetes coexists with hypertension in 112 [36.60%] cases of CAD and 31 [46.26%] cases of CVA cases. The frequency and morbidity of Type 2 diabetes is more common than Type 1 diabetes in our selected patients

hospital based study on stratification of risk factors of stroke in Peshawar

To determine the risk factors of stroke in Peshawar. Prospective observational study. Medical Wards of Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar from January 2004 to June 2005. A questionnaire was prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. Questionnaire contained detailed history, general physical examination, and neurological examination. Association of risk factors with stroke was also studied. Two hundreds and eleven patients with established diagnosis of stroke were selected. Sixty-six patients [31.27%] had more than one risk factors. The age range of patients was from 27 to 91 years with mean age of 59 years. Out of 211 patients 126[59.71%] were males and 85[40.28%] females. Risk factors distribution was: Hypertension [55.45%] diabetes [32.70%] hyperlipidemia [19.43%], smoking [10.90%], ischemic heart disease [9.00%], Atrial fibrillation [3.31%] and history of oral contraception use [0.94%]. Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and smoking are major modifiable risk factors of stroke, which require proper management and counseling of patients