ABSTRACT
Introduction: Lipid abnormalities are seen to be linked lack of physical activity, obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes melitus. Postmenopausal women experience the changes of body composition by increasing the visceral fat. The study was aimed to explore relationship between anthropometric indices and lipid level in postmenopausal Javanese women. Methods: This cross sectional study included 34 healthy postmenopausal Javanese women, age range between 46-59 years, from Dusun Trukan, Karanggede dan Marangan Prambanan subdistrict, Sleman district. Aanthropometric measurements were carried following standard procedure. Appropriate statistical tools were used to analyze data using SPSS Version 17. A p value <0.05 was taken as level of significance. Results: Abdominal circumference showed significant positive association with LDL level (r=0.289, p=0.049) but not with triglyceride, HDL level and total cholesterol level. BMI also showed significant positive association with LDL level (r=0.336, p=0.026) but not with other variables. Conclusion: The data concluded that abdomibnal circumference and BMI are positively association with LDL cholesterol but not with other componenets of the lipid profile in Javanese postmenopausal women. Further studies, however, needed to warrented to understand the causal relationship involving large numer of subjects multiple centres.
ABSTRACT
Background: The number of menopausal women who suffer from low level estrogen-associated type-2 diabetes has been increasing recently. The role of estrogen in metabolism of glucose depends on estrogen receptor alpha expression that is regulated by estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR ?). PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms in the ESR ? receptor may decrease the expression of ESR ? protein and receptor activity, thereby increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in menopausal women. Purpose: to determine the ESR ? polymorphism as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in menopause women of Javanese in Indonesia Methods: Sixty five menopausal women were recruited for the study consisted of 40 women with T2DM and 25 women as control. PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reacton-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The absence of PvuII and XbaI restriction sites were indicated by “P1” and “X1” and presence by “P2” and “X2”, respectively. Chai Square test were used in statistical analyisis to measure Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) and the risk of P1/P2 and X1/X2 allele for suffering T2DM. Results: PvuII genotype was distributed as; 22.5% (P1P1), 45% (P1P2), 32.5% (P2P2) while XbaI genotype was distributed as 10 % (X1X1), 62.5% (X1X2) and 27.5% (X2X2) in diabetics respectively. There was no difference in distribution of P1 and P2 between diabetics and non diabetics but difference for X1 and X2 existed between groups. The frequency of P2 allele was 55 % while P1 allele frequency is 45% in diabetics. X2 allele frequency was 58.8% while X1 allele is 41.2%. X2 allele had an impact on the 3.6 times higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes in Javanese menopausal women (OR = 3.662, CI = 1.711 to 7.840) Conclusions: PvuII and XbaI polymorphism was found in Javanese menopause women of Indonesia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The allele frequency of P2 and X2 are 55% and 58.8% respectively. X2 allele was found as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Javanese menopause women of Indonesia.