ABSTRACT
Background: Exercise capacity, like some other variables of exercise stress test, is a strong predictor of cardiovascular and overall mortality. Many confounding factors, including gender, have been found to affect exercise capacity. This study evaluated whether exercise capacity differs in age-matched type 2 diabetic Nigerian men and their women counterparts and the hemodynamic variables of exercise treadmill test that correlate with exercise capacity in them. Materials and Methods: A total of 61 type 2 diabetics (male = 34; female = 27) aged 30 to 60 years who were recruited through the Medical Out-patient Department of OAUTHC, Ile Ife, Nigeria, underwent symptom- limited maximal treadmill exercise using Bruce protocol. Result: Patients had comparable clinical and demographic patterns. There was no gender difference in the chronotropic response to exercise. Males had faster heart rate recovery (HRR) than females. Though both sexes had similar resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), males had significantly higher peak SBP than females (216.2 ± 23.7 mmHg vs 203.3 ± 21.7 mmHg; P = 0.03). Exercise capacity was significantly higher in males (7.5 ± 2.0 METs) than females (6.4 ± 1.5 METs); P = 0.01. Significant correlates of exercise capacity in both sexes were fasting plasma glucose, resting diastolic blood pressure, Duke Treadmill Score, and HRR. Majority of the patients were in moderate DUKE risk subgroup and there was no statistically significant difference between males and females in this regard. Conclusion: Gender difference occurs in the exercise capacity of diabetic patients and the factors associated with this disparity may be related to gender differences in resting heart rate and HRR, both reflecting a withdrawal of vagal tone
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Exercise Test , NigeriaABSTRACT
To determine renal volume in adult patients with essential hypertension and correlate it with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA) and duration of hypertension. Patients and methods: A total of 150 patients (75 males, 75 females) with essential hypertension and normal renal status were evaluated sonographically in this prospective study. Fifty healthy individuals (25 males, 25 females) without hypertension were also evaluated as control. Renal volume was then calculated from the kidney's length, width and anterio-posterior diameter using the formula LWAP0.523. Results: The range of renal volume obtained was 51.65205.02 cm3, with a mean of 114.06929.78 cm3 for the left kidney and 47.37177.50 cm3 with a mean of 106.14925.42 cm3 for the right kidney. The mean volumes of the right and left kidneys in males (112.98925.56 cm3 and 123.11932.49 cm , respectively), were significantly higher than in females (99.31923.07 cm3 and 105.01923.77 cm3, respectively). Renal volume correlated significantly with BSA and BMI but decreased with age. The renal volume showed no correlation with duration of hypertension. Conclusion: Renal volume is higher in the left than the right kidney in hypertensive patients of both sexes and female hypertensive patients have smaller kidney size compared to males. The study also shows that volume of both kidneys decreases with age and positive correlation between renal volume, BSA and BMI. However, there is no correlation between renal size and duration of hypertension.