ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the most common bacteriologic causes of ophthalmia neonatorum and their sensitivity to antibiotics in Duhok
STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study
PLACE AND DURATION: The study was done in Duhok. North of Iraq from April 2010 to June 2011
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Samples were taken from 200 neonates with sticky eyes admitted in Azadi Hospital and cultured on chocolate, nutrient and blood agar to detect the bacteria causing these infections
Disk-diffusion test was performed to determine their antibiotic sensitivity pattern
RESULTS: Out of the total 200 swabs taken, 138[31%] yielded growth of bacteria. The most common organisms isolated were Klebsiella species 35[25.36%] and Escherichia coli 34[24.63%] followed by Streptococcus viridans, Enterobacter species, Staphylococcus aureus, Betahemolytic Streptococci, Staphylococcus albus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus species and non-specific Streptococci with a decreasing frequency. Klebsiella species and E. coli were sensitive to Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin ,91.42% and 94.11% respectively. Streptococcus viridans, Enterobacter species and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin [100%] , Chloramphenicol [76%] and Amikacin [76%]. Enterobacter species sensitivity to each of Chloramphenicol, Amikacin and Gentamicin was 68.75% while its sensitivity to Tetracyclin was 43.75%. Streptococcus viridans sensitivity to each of Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Amikacin was 76% while to Ceftazidime was 42.8%. Staphylococcus aureus sensitivity to Chloramphenicol was 88.88% and each of Tetracyclin and Ceftazidime was 77.77% while to Amikacin sensitivity was 55.55%
CONCLUSION: In this study the most common causative bacterial agents were Klebsiella species, E. coli and Streptococcus viridans having highest sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin followed by Amikacin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracyclin. There was no significant variation between the causative agents of the first and second day onset and those of the later onset disease
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The main objective is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers towards the use of oral rehydration solution in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children less than five years old and to assess the compliance of mothers and the outcome of this treatment
STUDY DESIGN: a cross sectional survey with prospective follow up
PLACE AND DURATION OF THE STUDY: The study was done in Duhok-Kurdistan region, North of Iraq
The study took four months from 1 of April to 31 of July 2011
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data for the study were collected from three primary health care centers in Duhok, north of Iraq in the period between 1 of April and 31 of July 2011. The study included the mothers of 300 children who had diarrhea and were treated by oral rehydration solution. Specific questions were directed to the mothers to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice towards oral rehydration therapy and five days after starting treatment, mothers were asked by phone about their compliance and the outcome of their children. Results were statistically analyzed by Chi square using P value
RESULTS: In 54% of cases , mothers had low level of education most of whom were housewives and 64% of the children involved were<2 years old, 59% of them were males. In201cases [67%] mothers did not know exactly what oral rehydration solution is used for in cases of diarrhea and 77% didn't believe it is enough as a treatment. The proper way for preparation of oral rehydration solution was unknown to48% of mothers and 35.7% did not know the proper way for the administration of oral rehydration solution while 59% of them didn't know that it should be discarded after 24 hours. One hundred and two mothers [34%] didn't comply with its use and stopped it while 129 mothers [43%] didn't know how to behave if the child develops vomiting
Compliance of the mothers was better among mothers whose children were three years or more of age, mothers with good knowledge and positive attitude towards the use of oral rehydration solution and those with moderate to good practice with the use of oral rehydration solution
CONCLUSIONS: The mothers have poor KAP towards the use of ORS and this is comparable with results of other studies done in different parts of the world. Better maternal knowledge, attitude and practice towards the use of oral rehydration solution are associated with more compliance to its use. Further studies are recommended to assess the causes of non-compliance and to improve knowledge, attitude and practice of the mothers towards the use of oral rehydration solution