Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Azure Stains , Female , HIV Seropositivity/complications , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Methenamine , Pneumocystis carinii/isolation & purification , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/diagnosis , Prevalence , Sputum/microbiology , Staining and Labeling/methods , Tolonium ChlorideABSTRACT
Contrary to earlier outbreaks of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O139 during 1993 and its reemergence in 1998 in and around Nagpur and only sporadic episodes thereafter for next couple of years, a large outbreak was encountered between June and October 2003. V. cholerae 01 El Tor were isolated in 198 cases, of which 152 were Ogawa, 3 Inaba, 4 Hikojima and 39 were non agglutinating (NAG) vibrios. No isolate of V. cholerae O139 was detected during the entire outbreak. The isolates were multi drug resistant to antibiotic susceptibility tests. This points to the resurgence of V. cholerae El Tor Ogawa causing outbreaks of cholera with a discernible increase in the incidence of multi drug resistant strains.
Subject(s)
Cholera/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Vibrio cholerae O139/metabolismABSTRACT
Of the 26 urinary E. coli strains employed in the present study, 16 were haemolytic and 10 were non haemolytic in character. Of the 16 haemolytic strains injected through the exposed femoral vein of the rats, 12 showed the lesions of pyelitis, pyelonephritis and proliferation of glomerular tuft while 2 showed only the lesions of pyelitis and pyelonephritis. It was interesting to note that none of the nonhaemolytic strains produced any lesion in the animal. The data demonstrated a positive correlationship between haemolytic activity of E. coli and pyelonephritis in rats.
Subject(s)
Animals , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Hemolysin Proteins/metabolism , Hemolysis , Pyelitis/microbiology , Pyelonephritis/microbiology , RatsABSTRACT
The cell mediated immunity (CMI) was studied in 50 healthy contacts of leprosy patients and 50 age & sex matched non-contact controls by lepromin test and leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test using phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and lepromin and its association with other risk factors in contacts was assessed. The lepromin positivity correlated well with LMI results. There was no difference in CMI in I, II and III degree of contacts. Amongst direct contacts lepromin test was positive in 67 per cent as compared to 92 per cent in indirect contacts while in LMIT migration index (MI) was significantly increased (0.66 +/- 0.20) in direct contacts. MI was also significantly increased (0.73 +/- 0.20) contacts of less than two years duration which decreased to 0.51 +/- 0.18 in contacts of more than five years duration. Lepromin positivity also increased from 60 per cent to 100 per cent in these contacts. The specific CMI was significantly suppressed in contacts of LL patients (MI:0.74 +/- 0.21) and BL patients (MI: 0.61 +/- 0.01) as compared to healthy controls. B.C.G. vaccinated individuals showed better CMI response. The findings in the study showed specific unresponsiveness to lepromin in LMI in leprosy contacts of less than two years duration, direct contacts, contacts of lepromatous spectrum of index patients and contacts not vaccinated with B.C.G. emphasizing that CMI status is an important parameter in identifying the contact population at the greater risk of acquiring leprosy.