Fatores de risco para aterosclerose em uma populaçäo idosa ambulatorial na cidade de Säo Paulo / Risk factors for atherosclerosis in an elderly out patient population in the city of Säo Paulo

OBJECTIVE: To analyze in out clinic elderly patients of both sexes for the prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis and study their association with the complications of atherosclerosis. METHODS: Five hundred and sixteen outpatients, 152 men and 364 women, 60 years or older, were studied. The prevalences of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking and obesity were determined in both sexes and compared using the chi-square test. The association between these factors and the presence of atherosclerotic complications was analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: The comparative analysis of the factors in both sexes showed that hypertension, total cholesterol ü240mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol ü160mg/dL, and body mass index >27.5 were more frequent among women, but HDL-cholesterol <35mg/dL and cigarette smoking were more frequent among men, and no difference occurred between sexes in relation to the frequency of triglycerides ü250mg/dL and diabetes mellitus. After adjustment of the variables in the regression model, we observed that in the total of elderly patients, risk factors for complications of atherosclerosis were: triglycerides ü250mg/dL, hypertension, and male sex. Among men, the risk factors were: LDL-cholesterol ü160mg/dL, diabetes mellitus, HDL-cholesterol <35mg/dL and hypertension. Among women, the risk factors were: tryglicerides ü250mg/dL and hypertension. CONCLUSION: The results showed that, in the elderly, the risk factors for atherosclerosis persist, but with different behaviors between men and women. The study suggests that the relative importance of the risk factors can change with the aging process.

Aspectos ecodopplercardiograficos em indivíduos muito idosos / Dopler echocardiographic aspects in the very elderly

Estudaram-se os ecodopplercardiogramas de 122 indivíduos com 80 a 101 (média: 91,5) anos, 41 do sexo masculino e 81 do feminino, matriculados no ambulatório geriátrico, onde este exame é realizado de rotina. Os idosos foram divididos em dois grupos etários: A) 91 indivíduos com 80 a 89 anos; B) 31 indivíduos com 90 a 101 anos. Os registros foram tecnicamente inadequados para análise em 20 (16,4 por cento) idosos, 12 (13,2 por cento) do grupo A e oito (25,8 por cento) do grupo B. Nos demais 102 indivíduos verificou-se que o ecodopplercardiograma foi normal em nove (11,4 por cento) do grupo A e três (13,0 por cento) do grupo B. As principais alteraçöes observadas foram hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (38,2 por cento) insuficiência mitral (33,3 por cento), reduçäo da complacência de ventrículo esquerdo (32,4 por cento), aumento átrio esquerdo (25,5 por cento) e insuficiência aórtica (24,5 por cento), havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos A e B apenas em relaçäo a insuficiência aórtica, que predominou no grupo A. Em relaçäo ao sexo, observou-se que insuficiência mitral, aumento de átrio esquerdo e ectasia aórtica significativamente mais frequente nos homens. Alteraçöes isoladas foram verificadas em 18 (17,6 por cento) e associadas em 72 (70,6 por cento) idosos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que em indivíduos muito idosos as alteraçöes cardíacas säo frequentes, inclusive associada, porém se encontram indivíduos com o coraçäo normal sob o ponto de vista ecodopplercardiografico

Calcificaçäo valvar cardíaca em idosos / Cardiac valvular calcification in the elderly

O estudo ecodopplercardiográfico de 1.107 pacientes ambulatoriais, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, evidenciou que 130 (11,8 por cento) eram portadores de calcificaçao valvar cardíaca (CVC), sendo 86 de calcificaçao mitral (CM), 22 de calcificaçao aórtica (Cao) e 22 de calcificaçao mitro-aórtica (CMAo). A análise dos dados clínicos, eletrocardiográficos, ecodopplercardiográficos e laboratoriais permitiu evidenciar: 1) a CM predominou no sexo feminino (X2 = 7,97) enquanto a Cao predominou no masculino (X2 = 4,47); 2) a incidência de CVC aumentou com o progredir da idade; 3) afecçoes cardiocirculatórias que elevam a pressao intraventricular esquerda, principalmente a hipertensao arterial, foram as mais observadas nos portadores de CVC; 4) nao se evidenciaram antecedentes de enfermidades que pudessem ter lesado previamente as valvas; 5) estenose e/ou insuficiência nas respectivas valvas foram encontradas em 33,7 por cento dos casos de CM, 59,1 por cento de CAo e 54,5 por cento de CMAo; 6) induficiência cardíaca foi observada em 25,6 por cento dos casos de CM, 13,6 por cento de Cao e 22,7 por cento de CMAo; 7) alteraçoes eletrocardiográficas foram mais freqüentes; 8) nao se observaram alteraçoes do colesterol total, triglicérides e do cálcio séricos. A vista do exposto, recomenda-se que os portadores de CVC sejam acompanhados periodicamente para que as complicaçoes sejam detectadas e tratadas precocemente.

Fibrilaçäo atrial crônica no idoso / Aspects Chronic atrial fibrillation in elderly patients

Purpose - To evaluate the different aspects of chronic atrialfibrillation (CAF) in elderly patients. Methods - Forty nine patients with CAF (18 men) aged 66 to 87 years (76,1 years on average) were studied. Their evaluation consisted of clinical examination, blood tests, electrocardiogram, chest X-Ray and echocardiogram. Results - The frequency of CAF in the outpatient Geriatric Clinic was 4.8% and it rose with aging. Cardiocirculatory diseases were observed in 39 (79.6%) patients: 25 (51.0%) had systemic arterial hypertension, 11 (22.4%) had mitral valve disease and six (11.2%) had aortic valve disease. Thirty patients had diseases of other systems, eight (16.3%) of whom were diabetic and seven (14.3%) had hyperthyroidism. Vascular brain disease was observed in four (8.2%) patients. Electrocardiographic changes other than CAF were observed in 41 (83.7%) patients. Changes in the ST-T segment were the morefrequent, being observed in 28 (57.1%) patients, followed by left ventricular hypertrophy in 15 (30.1%). Cardiomegaly was seen in 36 (78.3%) out of 46 patients who did the chest radiography. An echocardiogram was performed in 35 patients, being found normal in seven (20.0%). In the remaining cases, the abnormality morefrequently seen was the left atrial enlargment, seen in 16 (45.7%) patients. Four patients didn't show clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological or echocardiographic evidence of cardiocirculatory disease and in these, the thyroidfunction was normal. Digitalis therapy was used in 37 patients. Of the remaining 12,10 had normal ventricular frequency without the use of the drug...