ABSTRACT
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a serious ocular condition arising from improper blood vessel development in the retina, predominantly affecting infants born prematurely or with a birth weight under 1500 g. A global estimate from 2010 indicated that approximately 184,700 infants developed ROP, with around 50,000 progressing to severe stages, yet only 42% received treatment. This article undertakes a thorough review, commencing on 07th November 2023, leveraging databases like Pubmed and Cochrane to synthesize current knowledge and emerging trends in ROP prevalence, screening methodologies, and treatment options. Screening involves repeated eye exams and innovative tools to identify high-risk infants early on. Treatment approaches, encompassing cryotherapy, laser therapy, and anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) medications, are tailored to the severity of ROP. Rigorous follow-up assessments are pivotal for tracking progress and ensuring the welfare of infants undergoing ROP interventions. This comprehensive exploration seeks to enhance awareness and understanding of ROP's global prevalence, screening protocols, and evolving treatments, ultimately contributing to informed decision-making and the advancement of best practices in the early identification and management of ROP among premature infants.
ABSTRACT
Maxillofacial tumors constitute a diverse group of pathologic disorders with various histological types and clinical behaviours. The causes of head and neck tumors involve a combination of environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Although less frequent in children and adolescents, they still represent approximately 3% to 10% of head and neck tumor cases worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and management are crucial for favourable outcomes. The tumors can be categorized into epithelial, soft tissue, odontogenic, hematologic, and bone tumors, each with distinct characteristics and treatment approaches. The prevalence of these tumors varies based on location, age, and gender. A multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, medical treatments, radiation therapy, and palliative care, is often required for managing these tumors. Prognosis and outcomes depend on tumor type, stage, and individual factors, with early diagnosis and appropriate management contributing to better results. Regular follow-up is essential to detect potential recurrence or metastasis early and provide timely intervention. Individualized evaluation and treatment by qualified medical professionals are vital due to the uniqueness of each case. This review discusses the classification, clinical features, histopathological characteristics, radiographic presentations, treatment options, and prognosis of maxillofacial tumors.