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Background@#This study aimed to measure the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with osteoporosis with and without fractures in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. @*Methods@#We surveyed a sample of 478 patients with osteoporosis aged over 50 years. Participants with fractures included patients referred to hospitals due to osteoporotic fractures which were alive 6 months after the fracture. Participants without fractures were randomly selected from patients with a definite diagnosis of osteoporosis admitted to 3 outpatient clinics in Tehran. Data were collected using the EuroQol 5-dimensional 5-level questionnaire. Statistical differences between patients with and without fracture were tested with Pearson’s χ2 test, Student’s t-test, and the Mann–Whitney U-test. The association between HRQOL and other variables was evaluated using a multiple linear regression model. @*Results@#The patients’ mean age±standard deviation was 67.3±11.9 years, and 74.1% were women. One hundred and seventeen (23%) patients had hip fractures, 56 (11%) had vertebral fractures, 127 (25%) had forearm fractures, and 178 (40%) had no fractures. The median (interquartile range) values of HRQOL scores of those with hip, vertebral, and forearm fractures and those with no history of fracture were 0.53 (0.22), 0.60 (0.28), 0.64 (0.26), and 0.64 (0.27), respectively. The multiple regression model revealed a significant relationship between the HRQOL scores and sex, marital status, employment status, presence of any chronic illness in addition to osteoporosis, and type of fracture. @*Conclusions@#Osteoporosis and its related fractures can reduce the HRQOL.
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Background: Studies on economic burden demonstrate the impacts of some diseases and provide invaluable information for specifying priorities and resource needs when designing cancer control strategies. The current study aimed to estimate the cost of esophageal carcinoma (EC) in Iran in 2018. Methods: This study was conducted on the prevalence approach to estimate the economic burden of EC in Iran from a social perspective. The direct cost was estimated by summing the diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, terminal care, and transport costs. Additionally, a human capital approach was adopted to estimate productivity losses. Various resources were used for data collection, including the GLOBOCAN 2018 report, and the medical record in the Cancer Institute of Iran. Also, data such as exchange rates, employment, and housekeeping rates were extracted from the Central Bank of Iran Statistics. Results: The economic burden of EC in Iran was $69.2 million in 2018, of which $38.7 million is caused by indirect costs and $30.5 million by direct costs. The mortality cost accounted for 49% of the economic burden, followed by 34% direct medical cost, 10% direct non-medical cost, and 7% morbidity cost. Conclusions: Mortality and medical cost appeared to be the main contributor to the economic burden. Therefore, policy-makers are recommended to adopt early detection and effective treatment as a highly cost-effective strategy for controlling costs
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Purpose@#Bisphosphonates (BPs) have a powerful effect on reducing bone resorption and improving the survival of patients with breast cancer. We aimed to investigate the impact of BP treatment on the prevention of recurrence, metastasis, and death of breast cancer survivors in the perimenopausal period. @*Methods@#The search strategy aimed to identify both published and unpublished studies in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar in March 2021. Two independent reviewers assessed quantitative papers selected for retrieval for methodological validity before being included in the review using standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI). Statistical meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4 statistical software when the data were homogenous.Meta-analysis was performed by calculating the effect size (hazard ratio; HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). @*Results@#Twenty-one studies were eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis.The overall The HRs for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in women who received BPs were 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83–0.97; p = 0.005), and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.63–0.89; p = 0.001), respectively. The results showed that BPs had a significant effect on the prevention of locoregional (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42–0.97; p = 0.04), bone (95% CI, 0.74–0.95; p ≤ 0.001), and distant metastases (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62–0.94; p = 0.01). In the subgroup analysis based on study design, the only insignificant HR in the included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was that of locoregional metastasis. @*Conclusion@#Although BPs have a promising effect on DFS, OS, and bone metastasis of perimenopausal women survivors of breast cancer, more RCTs are needed to evaluate their effect on other survivors’ outcomes.
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OBJECTIVES@#The current study presents a new conceptual framework for physician-induced demand that comprises several influential components and their interactions.@*METHODS@#This framework was developed on the basis of the conceptual model proposed by Labelle. To identify the components that influenced induced demand and their interactions, a scoping review was conducted (from January 1980 to January 2017). Additionally, an expert panel was formed to formulate and expand the framework.@*RESULTS@#The developed framework comprises 2 main sets of components. First, the supply side includes 9 components: physicians’ incentive for pecuniary profit or meeting their target income, physicians’ current income, the physician/population ratio, service price (tariff), payment method, consultation time, type of employment of physicians, observable characteristics of the physician, and type and size of the hospital. Second, the demand side includes 3 components: patients’ observable characteristics, patients’ non-clinical characteristics, and insurance coverage.@*CONCLUSIONS@#A conceptual framework that can clearly describe interactions between the components that influence induced demand is a critical step in providing a scientific basis for understanding physicians’ behavior, particularly in the field of health economics.
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OBJECTIVES: The current study presents a new conceptual framework for physician-induced demand that comprises several influential components and their interactions. METHODS: This framework was developed on the basis of the conceptual model proposed by Labelle. To identify the components that influenced induced demand and their interactions, a scoping review was conducted (from January 1980 to January 2017). Additionally, an expert panel was formed to formulate and expand the framework. RESULTS: The developed framework comprises 2 main sets of components. First, the supply side includes 9 components: physicians’ incentive for pecuniary profit or meeting their target income, physicians’ current income, the physician/population ratio, service price (tariff), payment method, consultation time, type of employment of physicians, observable characteristics of the physician, and type and size of the hospital. Second, the demand side includes 3 components: patients’ observable characteristics, patients’ non-clinical characteristics, and insurance coverage. CONCLUSIONS: A conceptual framework that can clearly describe interactions between the components that influence induced demand is a critical step in providing a scientific basis for understanding physicians’ behavior, particularly in the field of health economics.
Subject(s)
Employment , Insurance Coverage , Methods , MotivationABSTRACT
Objective: DNA methylation is a well-studied epigenetic mechanism that is a potent arm of the gene expression controlling machinery. Since the hypoxic situation and the various cells of bone marrow microenvironment, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells, play a role in the in vivo and in vitro biology of leukemic cells, we decided to study the effects of hypoxia and mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs] on the promoter methylation pattern of BAX and BCL2 genes
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the co-culture of MOLT-4 cells with MSCs and treatment with CoCl2 was done during 6, 12, and 24 hour periods. Total DNA was extracted using commercial DNA extraction kits, and sodium bisulfite [SBS] treatment was performed on the extracted DNA. Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction [MSP] was used to evaluate the methylation status of the selected genes' promoter regions
Results: The BAX and BCL2 promoters of untreated MOLT-4 cells were in partial methylated and fully unmethylated states, respectively. After incubating the cancer cells with CoCl2and MSCs, the MSP results after 6, 12, and 24 hours were the same as untreated MOLT-4 cells. In other words, the exposure of MOLT-4 cells to the hypoxia-mimicry agent and MSCs in various modes and different time frames showed that these factors have exerted no change on the methylation signature of the studied fragments from the promoter region of the mentioned genes
Conclusion: Hypoxia and MSCs actually have no notable effect on the methylation status of the promoters of BAX and BCL2 in the specifically studied regions. DNA methylation is probably not the main process by which MSCs and CoCl2 induced hypoxia regulate the expression of these genes. Finally, we are still far from discovering the exact functional mechanisms of gene expression directors, but these investigations can provide new insights into this field for upcoming studies
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Background: One of the work patterns which affects the supply of specialists is the phenomenon of dual practice [DP], i.e., working simultaneously in the public and private sectors. Uncontrolled DP in the surgery health workforce can have adverse effects on access to surgeons, efficiency, effectiveness and quality of surgery services.
Aims: The aim of this article is to examine the impact of DP on service delivery time by surgeons.
Methods: We used a prestructured form to collect data on surgery specialists in all 925 Iranian hospitals. National medical ID codes, council ID codes, first name, surname and father's name were used for data matching. Multilevel linear regression was used to assess the association between DP and study variables, which were recruitment type, faculty status, experience, sex and age.
Results: The 4642 surgery specialists in this study, representing 31.08% of the total number of surgeons identified, spent mean 1.09 [standard deviation 0.33] hours full-time equivalent [FTE] on health care service delivery. Specialists with DP had long service delivery time [beta = 0.427]. Female specialists [beta = 0.049] and full-time specialists [beta = 0.082] spent less time on health care service delivery. Permanent specialists had higher FTE [P < 0.001] and as the population increases, FTE increases [P < 0.05].
Conclusions: Although DP had a direct impact on surgeons' working hours, it seems that a greater share of the difference in working time was used in the private sector services, leading to poor access to surgery services in the public sector. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a systems approach to regulate DP.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Surgeons , Hospitals , Professional PracticeABSTRACT
Background: Dual practice [DP] is performing several different jobs at the same time and has effects on healthcare services delivery.
Aims: To identify the causes of medical specialists' tendency towards DP in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Methods: We used a qualitative approach to identify the factors affecting DP in medical specialists in 2016. We used a purposive and outlier sampling method to conduct semistructured deep interviews with 14 key informants. The data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection using thematic content analysis by MAXQDA [version 10.0]. Interviews continued up to data saturation. The quality of the study was ensured by addressing the criteria of Guba and Lincoln.
Results: The results of the interviews showed six themes and 16 subthemes for specialists' propensity to DP. Major themes included financial incentives, cultural attitudes about professional identity of physicians, experience and academic level of specialists, controlling approaches in the public sector, available infrastructure for responding to the population needs in the public sector, and regional characteristics of health service locations.
Conclusions: Medical specialists' DP is a multidimensional issue, influenced by different factors such as financial incentives, cultural attitudes and available infrastructure. Considering the capacities and conditions of each country, control and management of this phenomenon require regulatory and incentive mechanisms, which in the long term can modify private and public sector differences and increase the willingness of doctors to work in the public sector.
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Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Medicine , Professional Practice , Private Practice , Public SectorABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Arctium lappa is known to have antioxidant and antidiabetic effects in traditional medicine. Objectives: The aim of this paper was to study the effects of A. lappa root extract (AE) on lipid profile and hepatic enzyme levels in sucrose-induced metabolic syndrome (MS) in female rats. The study used 40 adult female Wistar rats weighing 150 g-250 g randomly divided into five groups: control, metabolic syndrome (MS), metabolic syndrome+AE at 50,100, 200 mg/kg. MS was induced by administering 50% sucrose in drinking water for 6 weeks. AE was intra-peritoneally administered daily at doses of 50,100, and 200 mg/kg for two sequential weeks at the end of the fourth week in metabolic syndrome rats. Twenty-four hours after the last administration of AE, blood was collected and centrifuged, and then the serum was used for the measurement of lipid profile and hepatic enzyme. Serum glucose, insulin, fasting insulin resistance index, body weight, water intake, lipid profile, and hepatic enzymes were significantly increased although food intake was decreased in MS rats compared to the control rats. The lipids and liver enzymes were reduced by AE extracts in the MS group. This study showed that the A. lappa root aqueous extract exhibits a hypolipidemic activity of hyperlipidemic rats. This activity is practically that of a triple-impact antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective.
Subject(s)
Rats , Sucrose/analysis , Lappa arctium/analysis , Rats, Wistar/classification , Metabolic Syndrome , Liver Function Tests/classificationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to measure the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and to evaluate the factors affecting HRQoL in individuals with health insurance in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using the 3-level EuroQol 5-dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire. In order to estimate the determinants of HRQoL, information about participants’ demographic, socioeconomic, and health status was gathered. The cluster sampling technique was used to collect data from May to June, 2016. The chi-square test and weighted least squares method were employed for data analysis. Data were analyzed using Stata version 11.0. RESULTS: A total of 600 Iranians with insurance completed the study, of whom 327 (54.5%) were male and 273 (45.5%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 41.48 years (standard deviation [SD], 14.60 years). Meanwhile, the mean duration of education was 12.36 years (SD, 4.68 years). The mean EQ-5D score was 0.74 (SD, 0.16). The most common health problems in the participants were anxiety/depression (42.3%), followed by pain/discomfort (39.2%). Sex, age, years of schooling, income, chronic disease, and body mass index had a significant effect on HRQoL (p<0.05). Healthy insured individuals, on average, had a HRQoL score 0.119 higher than that of people with a chronic disease, all else being equal (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among all determinants of HRQoL, chronic disease was found to be the highest priority for interventions to improve the health status of Iranians with insurance. This finding can help policymakers and health insurance organizations improve their planning to promote the HRQoL of individuals with insurance and society as a whole in Iran.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Body Mass Index , Chronic Disease , Education , Insurance , Insurance, Health , Iran , Least-Squares Analysis , Methods , Quality of Life , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Increasing interest has emerged in the use of subjective well-being as a development indicator and for the evaluation of public policies. The aim of this study was to assess life and health satisfaction and their determinants in the adult population of Iran. METHODS: We conducted a survey of a sample of 3,150 adults at least 18 years of age in Tehran, the capital of Iran. The subjects were selected using a stratified random sampling method, and they were interviewed face-to-face at their usual residence by trained interviewers. Life satisfaction was used as a measure of subjective well-being. We used ordinary least square regression models to assess the associations of life and health satisfaction with socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: On a 0-10 scale, the mean (standard deviation) scores for life and health satisfaction were 6.93 (2.54) and 7.18 (1.97), respectively. The average score for life satisfaction in females was 0.52 points higher than in males. A U-shaped relationship was found between age and life satisfaction, with respondents 35 to 44 years of age having the lowest average level of life satisfaction. Satisfaction with life and health among divorced respondents was significantly lower than among never-married and married participants. The scores for life satisfaction in respondents who rated their health status as poor were 3.83 points lower than in those who rated their health status as excellent. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the population of Tehran was satisfied with their life and health. Self-rated health status had the greatest impact on life satisfaction.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Divorce , Iran , Methods , Personal Satisfaction , Public Policy , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Membrane-bound HLA-G (mHLA-G) discovery on adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) as a tolerogenic and immunosuppressive molecule was very important. Many documents have shown that HLA-G expression can be controlled via some hormones such as progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate progesterone and estradiol effects on mHLA-G in ADSCs at restricted and combination concentrations. Three independent cell lines were cultured in complete free phenol red DMEM and subcultured to achieve suffi cient cells. These cells were treated with P4, E2 and P4 plus E2 at physiologic and pregnancy concentrations for 3 days in cell culture conditions. The HLA-G positive ADSCs was measured via monoclonal anti HLA-G-FITC/MEMG-09 by means of flow cytometry in nine groups. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. There were no signifi cant values of the mean percentage of HLA-G positive cells in E2-treated and the combination of P4 plus E2-treated ADSCs compared to control cells (p value>0.05) but P4 had a signifi cant increase on mHLA-G in ADSCs (p value<0.05). High P4 concentration increased mHLA-G but E2 and the combination of P4 plus E2 could not change mHLA-G on ADSCs.
Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Line , Estradiol , Flow Cytometry , HLA-G Antigens , Phenolsulfonphthalein , Progesterone , Stem CellsABSTRACT
Today investing about the role of contributing emotional factors in etiology and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders was an interesting subject for many researches. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between emotional intelligence and somatization in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. This study was descriptive and correlation. In this study 240 patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders [42 male and 198 female] were selected by the convenience sampling and participated in the study by filling baron emotional intelligence scale [1970] and Modified somatic Perception Questionnaire [MSPQ]. Data was analyzed and used Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. The results show that emotional intelligence had significant relationship in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. There was an association between increasing in scores of emotional intelligence and decreasing in scores of somatization. Also, adaptability and stress management among dimensions of emotional intelligence had significant and contrary relationship with somatization. The results of regression analysis show that emotional intelligence predicts 10 percentages of somatization scores in these patients. The results of the study highlight the protective role of emotional intelligence in physical and psychological health and provide useful information for medical and psychological treatment of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders
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Background: There is a broad consensus among health policy-makers that smoking has a significant impact on both heath system and society. The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic burden of major cancer deaths caused by smoking in Iran in 2012
Methods: Number of major cancer deaths due to smoking by sex and age groups in 2012 was obtained from GLOBCAN database. The life expectancy and retirement age were used to estimate years of potential life lost [YPLL] and cost of productive lost attributable to smoking, respectively. Data on prevalence of smoking, relative risk of smoking, life expectancy table, annual wage and employment rate were extracted from the various resources such as previous studies, WHO database and Iranian statistic centers. The data analysis was conducted by Excel software
Results: Smoking was responsible for 4,623 cancer deaths, 80808 YPLL and $US 83,019,583 cost of productivity lost. Lung cancer accounts for largest proportion of total cancer deaths, YPLL and cost of productivity lost attributable to smoking. Males account for 86.6% of cancer deaths, 82.6% of YPLL and 85.3% of cost of productivity lost caused by smoking
Conclusions: Smoking places a high economic burden on health system and society as a whole. In addition, if no one had been smokers in Iran, approximately two out of ten cancer deaths could be prevented
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Background and Aim: Dysmenorrhea, defined as pain associated with menstruation that affects millions of women in the reproductive age worldwide. Considering the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its adverse consequences on quality of life, the present study examined the effects of Rosaceous on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its systemic manifestations
Materials and Methods: This double blind clinical trial was performed on 110 students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Students randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Both groups were matched before intervention for age, education level, BMI, income, education wife, age of menarche and marital status. In the intervention group in the first 3 days of menstruation, 10 drops of Rosaceous extract were given to the subjects two times daily for two consecutive menstrual cycles. The controls take placebo. Severity of primary dysmenorrhea is compared in the two groups using the paired t test and between groups using the independent t test
Findings: The severity of primary dysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations decreased in both groups, this reduction was more significant in the Rosaceous group [p <0.001]
Conclusions: The results of this study results showed a positive impact of Rosaceous in reduction of severity of primary dysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations. It seems that can be used to reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations
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Introduction: thalasemia Major is one of the most common anemia diseases that can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed. The survival analysis of these patients can be an appropriate strategy in determining risk factors for death in these patients. The purpose of this study was to choose the best model to determine the risk factors for death in patients with the thalasemia major using common methods in the survival analysis
Methods: the data of this retrospective cohort study, with 296 patients with thalassemia major, was collected in 2004- 2013 in Zafar Clinic in Tehran. Akaicke information Criterion was used for comparison of the models and the choice 351of the best model. Data analysis was carried out with R3.0.2 software at the significant level of 0.1
Results: the values of the Akaicke information criterion [AIC] for the parametric weibull, frailty weibull, log-normal, log-logistic, Gompertz, gamma and the semiparametric Cox were computed and found to be 27.56, 29.56, 18.73, 23.39, 26.26, 68.10, 24.73, respectively. The mean survival time for men and women were 40.2 and 39.7 years, respectively. The Log-normal model showed that age, age at the first desferal injection, onset of blood injection, the patient's birthplace, mother's education variables were significantly correlated with patient survival
Conclusion: according to the values of AIC, the parametric log-normal model was chosen and suggested as the best model
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Pre-menstrual syndrome is one of the most common disorders in women and impairs work and social relationships. Several treatment modalities have been proposed including herbal medicines. Considering the properties of wheat germ, this study aimed to determine the effects of wheat germ extract on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. This triple blind clinical trial was conducted on 84 women working in hospitals affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Subjects completed daily symptom record form for two consecutive months. After definitive diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome, they were randomly divided into two groups of 50 people. Then, for two consecutive months, 400 mg capsules of wheat germ extract or placebo were used three times a day, from day 16 until day 5 of the next menstrual cycle. Wheat germ significantly reduced physical symptoms [63.56%], psychological symptoms [66.30%], and the general score [64.99%]. Although the severity of symptoms decreased in both groups, this reduction was more significant in the wheat germ extract group [p < 0.001]. On the other hand, physical symptoms decreased only in the wheat germ extract [p < 0.001] and there was no statistically significant difference in the placebo group. No complications were observed in any of the groups. It seems that using wheat germ extract reduces general, psychological and physical symptoms
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Plant Extracts , Premenstrual Syndrome/drug therapyABSTRACT
Sleep is an active and complex rhythmic state that may be affected by the aging process. The purpose of present research was to investigate the effect of low and moderate intensity aerobic exercises on sleep quality in older adults. The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical sample included 45 volunteer elderly men with age range of 60-70 years-old that divided randomly in two experimental groups [aerobic exercise with low and moderate intensity] and one control group. In each group selected 15 older adults based on inclusion and exclusion criteria [such as, without sleep apnea, not smoking, and no taking hypnotic drugs]. First, all subjects were evaluated by a doctor to confirm their physical and mental health. Also, the maximum heart rate [MaxHR] of subjects was obtained by subtracting one's age from 220. Furthermore, based on aerobic exercise type [40-50% MaxHR for low intensity group and 60-70% MaxHR for moderate intensity group] the target MaxHR was calculated for each subject. The exercise protocol consisted of 8 weeks aerobic exercises [2 sessions in per-week] based on Rockport one-mile walking/running test and the control group continued their daily activities. All subjects in per-test and post-test stages completed the Petersburg Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]. In pre-test stage, results showed that there were no significant differences between control and experimental groups in sleep quality and its components [P > 0.05]. On the other hand, results in post-test stage showed that there were significant differences between control and experimental groups in these variables [P < 0.05]. Also, the Turkey Post Hoc showed that the moderate intensity group scores in total sleep quality and its components were better than other groups [P < 0.05]. Finally, the low intensity group scores in total sleep quality and its components were better than control group [P < 0.05]. Generally, the present research showed that the aerobic exercises with moderate intensity [60-70% MaxHR] have a positive and significant effect on sleep quality and its components. Thus, based on these findings, the aerobic exercises with moderate intensity is a useful to improve the sleep quality and its components among community older adults were recommended
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This study aimed to estimate the rate of pressure ulcers in intensive care units [ICUs] and medical and surgical wards of Iranian hospitals and compare the performance of methods of medical record review as well as direct observation for their detection. The research team visited 308 patients in medical and surgical wards of hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences and a further 90 patients in their ICUs between March 2009 and April 2010. In addition 310 patient records were randomly selected from patients discharged from the ICUs between March 2009 and April 2010. And a further 600 patient records were randomly selected from the patients that were discharged from medical and surgical wards between March 2010 and April 2011. These 910 selected records were retrospectively reviewed to identify pressure ulcers. Data were collected by a structured checklist. In ICUs 24 of 90 patients [26.7%, 95% CI: 17.56 to 35.84] that were directly observed and 59 of 310 patients [19.0%, 95% CI: 14.63 to 23.37] that were studied by retrospective review of medical records had pressure ulcers. In medical and surgical wards, 5 of 308 patients [1.6%, 95% CI: 0.20 to 3.00] that were directly observed had pressure ulcers, but no pressure ulcer was detected by review of 600 medical records. Pressure ulcers are significantly more frequent in ICUs than in medical and surgical wards and a significant proportion of pressure ulcers are not reported
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Intensive Care Units , Patients' Rooms , Hospitals , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological complaints of women and causes dysfunction in common activities and absenteeism from school and work. Safest and most reliable treatment for primary dysmenorrhea that its usefulness is also proven is complementary medicine. Considering the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and damaging side effects of some synthetic drugs, the present study has been done to evaluate the effect of complementary medicine on primary dysmenorrhea. After searching the databases Pubmed, SID, Scirus and Elsevier and after searching about 60 data sources from 2000 to 2013, the following findings were obtained. complementary medicine includes the use of dietary supplements, vitamins, aroma therapy, herbal therapy, homeopathy, acupressure, sport and massage and is safe, affordable, and accessible. It has less side effects, acceptability and high tolerability and can replace highly morbid chemical agents. based on the findings of the present research on the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, further studies on the side effects and benefits of complementary medicine and comparing the influence of complementary medicine with chemical drugs is mandatory