ABSTRACT
Adherence to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive guidelines (ACPG) is an important strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic effectively. The present study aimed to identify and summarize the social determinants of ACPG among the general population. A comprehensive review was performed from December 2019 to February 2021 through searching electronic databases. Two independent reviewers assessed and selected relevant studies. Next, the characteristics and main findings of the included studies were summarized. Finally, the World Health Organization’s conceptual framework of social determinants of health was used to synthesize the identified social determinants of ACPG. Forty-one of 453 retrieved articles met the inclusion criteria. The study results showed different patterns of ACPG among various communities. Furthermore, 84 social determinants were identified and categorized into structural and intermediary determinants. ACPG is a set of complex behaviors associated with different individual sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics; living and working conditions; COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions; exposure to sources and information level; leisure activities; social support; trust; social norms; psychosocial well-being; socio-economic position; and the socio-economic and political context. Interventions to promote ACPG among the general population should consider the identified social determinants of ACPG.
ABSTRACT
Aflatoxins are fungal toxins that have carcinogenic, cellular mutations and malformation effects. Aflatoxin M[1] resists pasteurization, autoclave and the other methods that make foodstuff healthy. This study aims to determine the contents of aflatoxin M[1] in raw milk of milk factories in Kermanshah province. This research is carried out through the descriptive-cross sectional method. Among the raw milk received by four pasteurized milk factories in Kermanshah, coded by [A, B, C, D] labels, six samples, totally 320 samples [80 samples from each factory], were taken within four seasons. The concentration of aflatoxin M[1] was examined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA]. The mean difference was analyzed statistically through t-test using SPSS software. The content of aflatoxin was higher than Codex standard [0.5 micro g/l] in 295 samples. The total mean was 1.21, which exceeds two times the Codex standard. The highest and lowest contents of aflatoxin M[1] were observed in "Factory D" in spring and in "Factory A" in autumn, respectively. There was a significant difference between contamination of aflatoxin M[1] and different seasons [p< 0.05]. High content of aflatoxin M[1] in raw milk is worrying. Measuring the content of aflatoxin M[1] is essential to reduce the toxin entering the daily food of animals and the other related factors. The considerable difference of aflatoxin M[1] content between Factory D and Factory A can be attributed to the amount of the local milk and the industrial milk received by the factories