ABSTRACT
Introduction: Pelvic inflammatory diseases [PID] is caused by infections in the female reproductive tract that includes pelvic peritoneum, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the endometrium. These infections are commonly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, or other sexually transmitted infections. 800,000 women get a diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease annually in the United States. PID usually causes irreversible damage to the reproductive tract, and treatment mainly depends on preventing further scarring or complications. Immediate broad spectrum antibiotics are indicated. Treatment can include hospitalization as well as surgery
Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, from January 1985 to February 2017. The following search terms were used: pelvic inflammatory diseases, pathogens causing pelvic inflammatory diseases, causes of infertility, treatment and diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory diseases
Aim: In this review, we aim to study the pathophysiology and etiology of pelvic inflammatory diseases, as well as to study the diagnosis, treatment, and possible complications of this condition
Conclusion: It is essential to raise the awareness and knowledge of females in general regarding PID and its symptoms, as early detection will significantly decrease the likelihood of severe complications. Other than infertility, complications of pelvic inflammatory disease include chronic pain. More research is needed in this field to improve management and care of patients suffering from this condition
ABSTRACT
The spleen is one of the most frequently injured intraperitoneal organs, and management of splenic injuries may require splenectomy. Traditionally, surgical removal of the spleen was done by an open approach using either an upper midline or left subcostal incision. Open splenectomy is performed in two major clinical scenarios: trauma and hematologic disease. With the advent of minimally invasive techniques, laparoscopic splenectomy has become a standard procedure for elective removal of the spleen for most indications. Nowadays laparoscopic splenectomy is the approach of choice for both benign and malignant diseases of the spleen. However, some contraindications still apply. The evolution of the technology has allowed though, cases which were considered to be absolute contraindications for performing a minimal invasive procedure to be treated with modified laparoscopic approaches. Moreover, the introduction of advanced laparoscopic tools for ligation resulted in less intraoperative complications. Today, laparoscopic splenectomy is considered safe, with better outcomes in comparison to open splenectomy, and the increased experience of surgeons allows operative times comparable to those of an open splenectomy. In this review we discussed the indications and the contraindications of laparoscopic splenectomy. Furthermore, we analyze the surgical techniques