ABSTRACT
Background:The irreversibility impacts on flow and heat transfer processes can be quantified through entropy analysis. It is a significant tool which can be utilized to deduce about the energy losses. The current study investigates the inherent irreversibility impacts during a flow of boundary layer and heat transfer on a mobile plate. Methods:The flow is examined under thermal radiation and convective heat conditions. The fundamental governing equations of flow and heat phenomenonare transmuted into ordinary differential equations by employing similarity transmutations and shooting technique is utilized in order to solve the resultant equations. The temperature and velocity profiles are acquired to reckon Bejan and entropy generation number. Pertinent results are elucidated graphically for the movement of plate and flow in same and opposite directions.Results:A decline in temperature profile is noted with rise in values of Prin both cases when the movement of surface and free stream is in similar and converse directions. A decrease in temperature is observed for both cases with increase inNRwhile with the rise in Biot numbera, the temperature profile also increases. Entropy generation rate near the surface is high in case when surface and free stream are moving in opposite directions as compared to case when they move in same directions.Conclusions:It is observed that irreversibility impacts are more remarkable when the movement of fluid and plate is in opposite direction. Moreover, irreversibility impacts of heat transfer are prominent in free stream region.
ABSTRACT
Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks has been widely used in children undergoing inguinal herniorraphy. This technique may provide insufficient intraoperative analgesia as the inguinal region may receive innervation from genitofemoral nerve. We proposed that the addition of genitofemoral nerve block might improve the quality of analgesia. The objective was to find the efficacy of genitofemoral nerve block in addition to ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block for better intraoperative pain management in children under going inguinal hernia repair under general anaesthesia. After informed consent, 100 children of 1-10 yrs of age and ASA I or II status undergoing inguinal hernia repair were selected and divided in group I and II of 50 patients each. After induction of general anaesthesia, Group I patients received ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric block using bupivacaine 0.375% at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg, where as patients in group II were given genitofemoral in addition to ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks using bupivacaine 0.375% at a dose of 0.375 mg/kg at each site. Changes in heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were recorded before the start of surgery, at skin incision, at sac traction and at the end of surgery as a measure of efficacy of the block. Haemodynamic data was analysed using repeated measures ANOVA. The two groups showed increase in [Heart Rate] but the increase was lesser in group II at sac traction [p<0.05]. In group I all patients had an increase in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure at sac traction while the patients in group II showed no change during the study period [p<0.05]. We conclude that the addition of a genitofemoral nerve block to ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks may contribute to haemodynamic stability during sac traction indicating better pain relief
Subject(s)
Humans , Nerve Block , Analgesia , Intraoperative Care , Child , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
We studied the precipitating and hemagglutinating autoantibodies in the sera of patients with various connective tissue diseases in general and lupus in particular. Saline soluble extract of goat thymus had adequate antigenic materials as compared to other organs. Twenty per cent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were positive for precipitating autoantibodies by immunodiffusion and 44% by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Normal human subjects, nonrheumatic disease patients and patients with rheumatoid arthritis and progressive systemic sclerosis were all negative. Forty seven per cent of positive systemic lupus erythematosus sera showed two precipitin systems. Enzyme sensitivities were used as the basis of identification of most of the antigenic specificities. Passive hemagglutination was carried out to identify antibodies to non-histone nuclear protein and nuclear ribonucleoprotein antigens. Thirty eight % of systemic lupus erythematosus patients were positive by this technique. Passive hemagglutination although a highly sensitive technique could not detect antibodies against antigenic systems other than non-histone nuclear protein and nuclear ribonucleoprotein.