ABSTRACT
There is convincing evidence that subjects concomitantly affected by type 2 diabetes [T2D] and metabolic syndrome [MeS] are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease [CVD]. Many metabolic derangements in T2D might be attributed to poor vitamin D status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations among vitamin D status, MeS and glycemic status in subjects with T2D. A total of 101 known cases of T2D [39 males, 62 females] were enrolled in a cross-sectional study by convenient sampling. Serum 25[OH]D3, glycemic markers and lipid profile were assessed. Mean concentration of serum 25[OH]D3 was 42.2 +/- 33.8 nmol/L. Prevalence of undesirable vitamin D status [25[OH]D < 50nmol/L] was significantly higher among the subjects with MeS as compared to those without MeS [p=0.020]. The subjects with sufficient vitamin D status had 50% lower risk for MeS compared to those who had vitamin D deficiency, and this association remained significant even after additional adjustment for body mass index [BMI], percent of fat mass or waist circumference. Our data showed that firstly higher vitamin D status is inversely associated with fasting glycemia, and secondly serum 25[OH]D3 predicts MeS risk in the subjects with T2D. Demonstrating the association of hypovitaminosis D with disorders of glucose metabolism and higher risk for development of further complications, notably CVD, may lead to a new target for preventive efforts at the population level
ABSTRACT
This study examined the possible effects of lycopene at physiological dosage and body fat mass on the humoral immune response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]. A total of 35 patients with Typ2 diabetes mellitus from both sexes aged 54 +/- 9 yrs from the Iranian Diabetes Society were introduced into a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial conducted for 2 months. After a 2-week lycopene free diet washout period, patients were allocated to either lycopene supplementation group [10mg/d] [n=16] or placebo age- and sex matched group [n=19] for 8 weeks. Patients were instructed to keep their diets and physical activities as unchanged as possible. Lycopene supplements increased serum lycopene levels [p<0.001]. While intake of dietary energy and nutrients did not change in either groups, the ratio of total antioxidant capacity to malondialdehyde increased significantly in the lycopene group [p=0.007]. There was an inverse correlation between serum levels of lycopene and those of IgG [r= -0.338, p=0.008]. On the contrary, changes of serum levels of lycopene directly correlated with those of IgM [r=0.466, p=0.005]. Interestingly, changes of the amount of fat mass correlated directly with those of serum IgG [r=0.415, p=0.044] but inversely with of serum IgM [r= -0.469, p=0.021]. While truncal fat might promote adaptive humoral immunity, lycopene probably by inhibiting MDA-LDL formation might attenuate T cell dependent adaptive [pro-atherogenic] humoral immune response. These findings may have preventive implications in long term diabetic complications, notably atherogenesis