KatG mutation of isoniazid-resistant isolated from tuberculosis patients

The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [MTB] is an increasing problem in developed and developing countries. The aims of the present study were to identify various types of mutations in katG region from 28 MDR strains isolated from sputum of tuberculosis patients. Twenty-eight rifampin-resistant strains isolated from sputum of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis were obtained from various geographic regions of Iran. Drug susceptibility was determined by using the BACTEC system. DNA extraction, standard PCR identification, katG gene amplification, DNA sequencing and analysis were done. There was no mutation in 2 strains. In 20 strains, mutation was shown to be in codon 315. Three types of mutations were detected consisting of AGC-ACC [Ser-Thr] [80%], AGC-AGG [Ser-Arg] [5%] and AGC-AAC[Ser-Asn] [15%].Furthermore, one type of mutation was seen in codons 311, 299, and 323. Twelve strains showed one mutation in codon 315 [46%], 7 strains 2 mutations [27%], 5 isolate 3 mutations [19%] and in 2 strains 4 mutations [8%] were observed in different codons. Nine silent mutations was demonstrated in codon 311[GAC1TAC]. This research demonstrated that mutations were mostly seen in codons 315 and 299 indicating resistance to isoniazide

Foreign body in children's airways: a five -year study

Foreign body aspiration continues to be a major problem and one of the most important reasons for mortality and morbidity particularly sudden death among children. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and paraclinical features and also the treatment of children who admitted in this center as the result of foreign body aspiration and underwent bronchoscopy to remove aspirated material. This was a cross sectional study conducted on children under the age of 15 who admitted and registered in NRITLD with the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration and underwent bronchoscopy. Children were analyzed based on their age, gender, primary diagnosis, characteristic of the foreign body, the interval between aspiration and starting treatment, radiological findings, and the severity of airway injuries. Forty-seven children under the age 15 were evaluated in this study in a five-year period between 1998 and 2004. Sixty-three percent of them were boy and 37% were girl. Thirty [63%] children were found to be younger than 3 years old. Moreover in 63% of the cases the primary diagnosis before referring to this center was not foreign body aspiration. Hence, as the result of misdiagnosis and delay, 50% of children had injuries in their airways. The most common aspirated foreign body was organic materials [82%] and the most common radiological finding was hyperinflation in the chest x-ray. This study showed that early diagnosis and treatment of foreign body is a critical factor to prevent further airway complications in children. According to the results of this study ragid bronchoscopy is the most effective procedure for treatment of foreign body aspiration in children