ABSTRACT
Gynecomastia is a benign condition developing in association with localized fat deposition and glandular tissue proliferation in the breast in males, and characterized by breast growth. Drug is one of the most important factors in the etiology of gynecomastia. Methylphenidate is a commonly preferred and well-tolerated drug in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Gynecomastia is an uncommon side-effect of methylphenidate use. We report a case of bilateral gynecomastia developing in a dose-dependent manner during methylphenidate monotherapy and resolving with discontinuation of medication in a 15-year-old patient with a history of a similar side-effect during previous use of the drug. To the best of our knowledge this is one of the few case reports of gynecomastia developing in association with methylphenidate.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: Tic disorders are associated with neurodevelopmental origin, changes in dopaminergic neurons, and the formation of immunoreactivity, it is thought that neurotrophic factors may be crucial in the emergence of tic disorders. In this study, we targeted to explore role of neurotrophic factors in tic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate serum Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor [GDNF] and Nerve Growth Factor [NGF] levels in patients with tic disorder and healthy controls
Methods: Thirty-four children, constituted the case group, were diagnosed with tic disorder. The control group included 34 healthy children. Development and Well-Being Assessment [DAWBA] [structured interview] and Yale Global Tic Severity Rating Scale [YGTSRS] was applied to the patients. NGF and GDNF levels were measured with ELISA kit
Results: In case group, serum NGF and GDNF levels were found to be significantly higher in females than males [p = 0.042, p = 0.031]. It was determined that serum NGF and GDNF levels were correlated with each other [r = 0.803, p <0.001] and there were no correlations between other parameters. There was no significant difference in NGF and GDNF in patients with tic disorder, compared to healthy controls
Conclusions: The absence of this relationship does not exclude the hypothesis that neurotrophic factors may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of tic disorders