Ablation of focal right upper pulmonary vein tachycardia using retrograde aortic approach

The use of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for assessing pulmonary vein due to its status as a main source of ectopic beats for the initiation of atrial dysrrythmias is strongly recommended. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl who was admitted to our hospital with the electrocardiogram manifestation of an ectopic atrial tachycardia. The focus of arrhythmia was inside the right upper pulmonary vein. The patient underwent successful ablation with a conventional electrophysiology catheter via the retrograde aortic approach. We showed that when the origin of atrial tachycardia is in the right upper pulmonary vein, it is possible to advance the catheter into this vein via the retrograde aortic approach and find the focus of arrhythmia. This case demonstrates that right upper pulmonary vein mapping is feasible through the retrograde aortic approach and it is also possible to ablate the arrhythmia using the same catheter and approach

role of serum lipoprotien[a] in increasing the risk of thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation [AF] is prevalent among cardiac patients; and as the risk of thromboembolism is high in this arrhythmia, discrimination of the effective risk factors in producing left atrial [LA] thrombosis is clinically important. The molecular structure of lipoprotein[a] [Lp[a]] is very similar to plasminogen, so it can be hypothesized that the high level of Lp[a] is a compromising factor for the prevention of fibrinolysis [thrombogenesis]. This case-control study was conducted in patients with chronic AF. Most of the subjects had mitral stenosis. LA thrombosis was confirmed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. The study group consisted of 50 chronic AF patients mostly with mitral stenosis. Half the patients had LA thrombosis [patient group or P] and the other half did not [control group or C]. The mean age of the control group [C] and patient group [P] was 45 +/- 11 y and 57 +/- 9 y, respectively. There was no significant correlation between sex and LA gradient and existence of LA thrombus. LA size was 49 +/- 5 mm [C] and 56 +/- 9 mm [P], respectively. Left atrial blood velocity was 12 +/- 2 cm/sec [C] and 5 +/- 3 cm/sec [P], and Lp[a] concentration was 30 +/- 6.7 mg / dl [C] and 55 +/- 2.75 mg / dl [P]. There was a significant correlation [p<0.001] between age, LA blood velocity, LA size, and serum concentration of Lp[a], which was confirmed by t-test. There has been a great deal of research into the classic risk factors of LA thrombosis in chronic AF, but the study on the effect of Lp[a], which is an atherosclerosis risk factor, on the formation of LA thrombosis is almost new. According to the results of the present study, Lp[a] should be measured in all chronic AF patients. We can assume that lowering Lp[a] serum level may decrease the risk of LA thrombosis in chronic AF patients