ABSTRACT
In people over 50, one out of three women and 12 men experience osteoporosis. Youth lifestyle plays an essential role in increasing bone mass and preventing osteoporosis in old ages. Thus, lifestyle changes during adolescence could cause the prevention of osteoporosis in older age. This study therefore conducted to investigate the lifestyle of female high school students in relation to prevention of osteoporosis. In this cross-sectional study 403 female students recruited from high schools in Iranshar, Iran included in the study. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisted of two parts of demographics and lifestyle issues associated with osteoporosis including nutrition, physical activity and habits. Data analysis was carried out using Chi-square and t test. results showed that 57.1% of the stdents had poor nutrition. In relation to the habits including smoking, alcohol consumption, adherence to medications and weight loss regimens, 78.2% of students had a relatively favorable lifestyle. 48.1% of subjects had a desirable lifestyle in terms of physical activity. The total score of lifestyle in 82.4% of students was relatively favorable. There was a significant relationship between lifestyle and age [P = 0.027], maternal education [P = 0.035] and occupation [P = 0.034]. Considering that the lifestyle of more than half of the students were poor in relation to nutrition, it is suggested that in addition to giving awareness to the adolescents regarding risk factors and preventive measures of osteoporosis, families should also be taught to include calcium-rich foods in the food basket of their households
ABSTRACT
One third of world population is infected with TB germs. If untreated, each TB patient infects 15-20 people. Therefore, the rapid diagnosis of infectious TB patients is the basis to prevent from tuberculosis. Therefore, proper utilization of the methods of TB disease is very important. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of active intervention in high risk areas of Shirabad of Zahedan city. In this study, two methods of house to house visit and face to face training were used to. All residents of above 6 of Shirabad, who were 55845 people, were examined for tuberculosis from mid-July to December 2008 [with emphasis on the detection of pulmonary TB]. The evaluation was performed based on clinical symptoms [more than 2 weeks coughing], sputum smear and chest radiography. Data collected analyzed by the software SPSS-13. Infectious TB disease had a significant increase within 2 years [320% in 2007 and 500% in 2008 [p=0.001]. The incidence was significant in different nations. It had significant increase in Iranian population [p=0.001] and significant decrease in non-Iranian population [p=0.001]. Reduced delay in diagnosis of non-Iranian women made smear significantly positive [p=0.014]. The results showed that active intervention is effective in the discovery of infectious TB cases with 100% efficiency of passive TB screening. To treat patients effectively, efficient and effective DOTS strategy is the main underlying prerequisite for active intervention.
ABSTRACT
Epidural anesthesia is an appropriate technique for managing labour pain, which is a common problem in acute pain management. Intact motor function, less hemodynamic changes and decreased maternal catecholamines are the other pearls in epidural anesthesia. Patient Control Epidural Analgesia [PCEA] is a safe and effective technique with minimal motor block, with more patients' satisfaction and stability and least drug requirement for analgesia. Epidural analgesia is the most effective technique among routine methods for labour pain control. In volunteers with vertex position of single fetus which were in active phase of pregnancy epidural catheter was implicated. After loading the first injection doseage; catheters were attached to the disposable silicone balloon pumps, which delivered maximum of 2ml of solution contained 0.1% marcaine plus 4 microgram per milliliter fentanyl every 15 minutes with patient control button. The patients were monitored for pain severity and vital signs. Subsidiary methods and drugs used for pain were also recorded during the labour. 45 parturient entered the study. Mean VAS in 96% was less than 4 during all times. 23 of the mothers [51%] had the score of 5 to 8 in MEPAS scale and were able to walk either with or without any help just 30 minutes after receiving the loading epidural dose. PCEA is a safe and effective method which showed effective pain reduction in 96% of cases