The performance of serological tests for Leishmania infantum infection screening in dogs depends on the prevalence of the disease

ABSTRACT Dogs are considered the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum. This protozoan causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL), an uncontrolled urban zoonosis in Brazil. Serological tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on peripheral blood were performed to identify infected dogs in scenarios of higher and lower prevalence of the disease (Teresina and Vitória). One-hundred infected and 57 non-infected animals from Teresina and 100 non-infected animals from Vitória were studied. Animal selection was not dependent on previous serology. The sensitivity (Teresina) and specificity (Teresina and Vitória) were as follows: indirect antibody fluorescence (IFAT) cut-off of 1:40 (IFAT 1:40): 96%, 18%, and 76%; IFAT 1:80: 90%, 33%, and 93%; direct agglutination test (DAT): 96%, 33%, and 98%; fast agglutination screening test (FAST): 93%, 68%, and 100%; immunochromatographic assay with a recombinant rK39 antigen (rK39): 88%, 74%, and 98%; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): 91%, 79%, and 98%; rapid dual-path platform test (TR DPP®): 98%, 60%, and 98%; and blood PCR: 29%, 93%, and 97%, respectively. In the high transmission area, none of the tests adequately discriminated L. infantum-infected from non-infected dogs. However, in the high transmission city, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of FAST, DAT, ICrK39, ELISA and TR DPP® was high.

Equídeos infectados por Leishmania (Leishmania) Infantum na área endêmica de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil / Equines infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) Infantum in the endemic area of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo pesquisar infecção natural de equídeos por Leishmania sp em área endêmica de leishmaniose tegumentar americana de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. As leishmanioses são causadas por protozoário hemoflagelado, intracelular integrante do gênero Leishmania. Clinicamente observa-se uma variedade de sinais desde lesões cutâneas até formas viscerotrópicas que são mais graves e potencialmente fatais. Constituem grande problema de saúde pública mundial. O cão é considerado o principal reservatório doméstico de leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA). No peridomicílio de moradias rurais, os equídeos, embora com menor relevância que os canídeos, podem se transformar em importante hospedeiro para este parasito. Coletou-se sangue periférico de 42 equídeos para pesquisa de DNA de leishmânia spp através da técnica de "nested" reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) com oligonucleotídeos flanqueando a região ribossomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS'1). A confirmação da espécie foi realizada pela digestão do produto amplificado com enzima de restrição Hae III. Os animais não apresentavam sinal clínico sugestivo de nenhuma patologia, entretanto 21 (50%) foram PCR positivos para leishmaniose (14 equinos, quatro asininos e três muares). A digestão do produto da "nested" PCR permitiu identificar sequências de DNA de Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, caracterizando a infecção como leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA). A presença de equídeos infectados com Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum sugere sua participação no ciclo de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.

This study aims to research natural Leishmania sp equine infection in an endemic American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis area of Teresina City, Piauí State, Brazil. Leishmania are caused by intracellular hemoflagellate protozoa of the gender Leishmania. Clinically we can observe a variety of signals since cutaneous injuries until viscerotropic types which are more severe and potentially fatal. They constitute a great worldwide public health problem. The dog is considered the main domestic reservoir of American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL). In the peridomicile of rural abodes, the equines, although with less relevance than canines, may become an important host for this parasite. Peripheral blood was collected from 42 equines for DNA research of leishmania spp through the technique of "nested" PCR with oligonucleotides flanking the region ITS'1. The confirmation of the species was performed by the digestion of the amplified product with restriction enzyme Hae III. The animals did not present any suggestive clinical pathology signal, however, 21 (50%) were PCR positive for Leishmaniasis (14 equines, four donkeys and three mules). The digestion of the product from "nested" PCR permitted to identify DNA sequences of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, characterizing the infection as American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL). The presence of infected equines with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantun suggests their participation in the cycle of visceral Leishmaniasis transmission in Teresina City, Piauí State, Brazil.

Genes that encodes NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 are not virulence factors for kala-azar caused by Leishmania infantum

Introduction Kala-azar is a disease resulting from infection by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Most patients with the disease exhibit prolonged fever, wasting, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly without complications. However, some patients develop severe disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, bacterial infections, jaundice, and edema dyspnea, among other symptoms, followed by death. Among the parasite molecules that might influence the disease severity are the macrophage migration inhibitory factor-like proteins (MIF1 and MIF2) and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (NAGT), which act in the first step of protein N-glycosylation. This study aimed to determine whether MIF1, MIF2 and NAGT are virulence factors for severe kala-azar. Methods To determine the parasite genotype in kala-azar patients from Northeastern Brazil, we sequenced the NAGT genes of L. infantum from 68 patients as well as the MIF1 and MIF2 genes from 76 different subjects with diverse clinical manifestations. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the fragments were sequenced, followed by polymorphism identification. Results The nucleotide sequencing of the 144 amplicons revealed the absence of genetic variability of the NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 genes between the isolates. The conservation of these genes suggests that the clinical variability of kala-azar does not depend upon these genes. Additionally, this conservation suggests that these genes may be critical for parasite survival. Conclusions NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 do not alter the severity of kala-azar. NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 are highly conserved among different isolates of identical species and exhibit potential for use in phylogenetic inferences or molecular diagnosis. .

Identification of blood meal sources of Lutzomyia longipalpis using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the cytochrome B gene

An analysis of the dietary content of haematophagous insects can provide important information about the transmission networks of certain zoonoses. The present study evaluated the potential of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome B (cytb) gene to differentiate between vertebrate species that were identified as possible sources of sandfly meals. The complete cytb gene sequences of 11 vertebrate species available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database were digested with Aci I, Alu I, Hae III and Rsa I restriction enzymes in silico using Restriction Mapper software. The cytb gene fragment (358 bp) was amplified from tissue samples of vertebrate species and the dietary contents of sandflies and digested with restriction enzymes. Vertebrate species presented a restriction fragment profile that differed from that of other species, with the exception of Canis familiaris and Cerdocyon thous. The 358 bp fragment was identified in 76 sandflies. Of these, 10 were evaluated using the restriction enzymes and the food sources were predicted for four: Homo sapiens (1), Bos taurus (1) and Equus caballus (2). Thus, the PCR-RFLP technique could be a potential method for identifying the food sources of arthropods. However, some points must be clarified regarding the applicability of the method, such as the extent of DNA degradation through intestinal digestion, the potential for multiple sources of blood meals and the need for greater knowledge regarding intraspecific variations in mtDNA.

Utilização de marcadores moleculares no estudo populacional de Leishmania infantum chagasi no Brasil / Utilization of molecular markers in the study population of Leishmania infantum chagasi in Brazil

A leishmaniose é uma doença parasitária causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, e transmitida através da picada de fêmeas de mosquitos da família Plebotomidae. As formas clínicas da leishmaniose são particularmente variadas tendo como forma mais grave a leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou calazar. No Brasil a LV é causada pelo protozoário L.infantum chagasi e transmitida pelo flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis, os principais reservatórios que participam do ciclo zoonótico são canídeos selvagens e cães domésticos. O fato de as leishmanioses, de uma maneira geral, apresentarem um amplo espectro no que diz respeito à sintomatologia da doença, aliado a grande diversidade das espécies de hospedeiros infectados, sugere a presença de variantes genéticas do parasita. No caso da leishmaniose visceral, por exemplo, variantes genotípicas de L.infantum chagasi interagindo com diferentes espécies de hospedeiros podem ter papel fundamental na dinâmica de transmissão e virulência de possíveis epidemias. O presente estudo teve como meta identificar possíveis variantes genotípicas de L. infantum chagasi presentes na área endêmica de Teresina no Estado do Piauí, e comparar com os genótipos encontrados em Campo Grande no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e Bauru no Estado de São Paulo, visto que a história natural da doença nessas regiões é muito mais recente do que no Estado do Piauí...

Leishmaniasis is a parasitary disease caused by Leishmania protozoans and transmitted by female Phebotomidae sandflies. Clinical manifestations are particularly diverse, being visceral leishmaniasis (VL) the most severe form. In Brazil VL is caused by Leishmania infantum chagasi and transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis sandfly; the main zoonotic reservoirs are dogs and wild canids. Due to a broad range of disease manifestations and great variety of host species infected, Leishmania parasites are thought to possess great genotypic variability. This is of major significance in epidemiological features and in disease transmission. The aim of this study is to identify different genotypic strains of L. infantum chagasi in endemic areas of Teresina, Piauí State; Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State and Bauru, São Paulo State, and after that, select an appropriate molecular marker in order to study population genetics of L. infantum chagasi in Brazil. Microsatellites markers, sequencing of DNA coding and non-coding regions and PCR-RFLP of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) were used in order to compare genetic profiles in parasites from different geographical origins...

Partial characterization of proteolytic activity in Giardia duodenalis purified proteins

This report describes a preliminary characterization of proteolytic activity of proteins isolated from lysate of Giardia trophozoites of an axenic Brazilian strain. Fractions obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) were tested in SDS-polyacrylamide gel for the protein profiles, and the proteases activity was analyzed using gelatin impregnated SDS-PAGE. The proteases characterization was based on inhibition assays employing synthetic inhibitors for cysteine (E-64, IAA), serine (PMSF, TPCK, TLCK, and elastatinal), metalo (EDTA) and aspartic (pepstatin) proteases. Among thirty eluted fractions, polypeptide bands were observed in eight of them, however, proteolytic activity was detected in four ones (F23, F24, F25 and F26). Protein profiles of these fractions showed a banding pattern composed by few bands distributed in the migration region of 45 to < 18 kDa. The zymograms revealed proteolytic activity in all the four fractions assayed, mainly distributed in the migration region of 62 to 35 kDa. Among the profiles, the main pronounced zones of proteolysis were distinguished at 62, 55, 53, 50, 46 and 40 kDa. In inhibition assays, the protease activities were significantly inhibited by cysteine (E-64) and serine proteases (TPCK, TLCK and elastatinal) inhibitors. Gels incubated with other cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, IAA and PMSF, respectively, showed a decrease in the intensity of hydrolysis zones. Indeed, in the assays with the inhibitors EDTA for metalloproteases and pepstatin for aspartic proteases, none inhibition was detected against the substrate. These observations are relevants, especially if we consider that to define the real role of the proteases in host-parasite interaction, the purification of these enzymes for detailed studies may be warranted.

O presente estudo consiste em uma caracterização preliminar da atividade proteolítica de frações de proteínas purificadas a partir de lisados de trofozoítos de cepa isolada e axenizada no Brasil. Frações obtidas por cromatografia líquida (FPLC) foram analisadas quanto ao perfil eletroforético em géis de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) e a atividade proteolítica foi avaliada em géis contendo gelatina como substrato. A caracterização das enzimas foi realizada a partir da análise do efeito de inibidores sintéticos de cisteína-proteases (E-64, IAA), serina-proteases (PMSF), serina e cisteína-proteases (TPCK, TLCK, elastatinal), metalo-proteases (EDTA) e aspartil proteases (pepstatina) sobre a degradação do substrato. Entre 30 frações eluídas, bandas de proteínas foram observadas em oito delas, entretanto, atividade proteolítica foi detectada apenas nas frações 23, 24, 25 e 26. O perfil eletroforético das proteínas revelou poucas bandas distribuídas na faixa de 45 a 18 kDa. Os zimogramas revelaram zonas de proteólise na faixa de aproximadamente 62 a 35 kDa, entretanto destacaram-se as bandas de hidrólise de 62, 55, 53, 50, 46 e 40 kDa. Nos ensaios de inibição, a proteólise foi marcantemente inibida por E-64, TPCK, TLCK e elastatinal. Redução discreta da proteólise foi observada com IAA e PMSF, enquanto que EDTA e pepstatina não promoveram alteração dos perfis de hidrólise. Estas observações são relevantes, especialmente se considerarmos que para elucidar o envolvimento das proteases na relação parasita-hospedeiro, a purificação dessas moléculas é um requisito importante.