Types of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries

Intraoperative positioning nerve injuries are a known complication that can occur during surgical procedures when patients are placed in specific positions on the operating table. The causes of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries are multifactorial and are associated with aspects related to how the patient is positioned during the surgical procedure and the duration for which pressure or tension is applied to nerves. This study was conducted to identify and categorize the various types of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries and to establish prognostic classifications for these injuries. The aim was to address the imperative need for strategies to prevent and manage such injuries effectively. The study involved an extensive review of existing literature, encompassing databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Intraoperative positioning nerve injuries can be categorized based on several parameters, including the nature of the injury, the specific nerve or nerve plexus affected, and the severity of the damage incurred. Two major classification systems based on injury extent are Seddon’s and Sunderland’s classifications. Types based on anatomical region can be loosely divided into nerves present in the upper limb, lower limb, head and neck, and thoracic region. The prevention of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries is of paramount importance and hinges on meticulous preoperative planning, the utilization of appropriate positioning techniques, and the diligent monitoring of patients throughout the surgery.

Screening tools interventions and strategies for early identification and management of autism spectrum disorders

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by social communication difficulties, restricted interests, and repetitive activities. Both genetic and environmental variables impacting the growing brain influence it. Around the world, 1 in 100 children is identified with autism spectrum disorder. Estimates of prevalence have increased over time and varied significantly inside and across sociodemographic groups. Autism spectrum disorder is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition that significantly shortens life expectancy. Early diagnosis on a community level is a critical public health concern since mounting evidence shows that early diagnosis makes functional gains and has better outcomes. In healthcare settings, autism spectrum disorder screening tools can be utilized to precisely confirm the diagnosis of autism. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening for ASDs between ages 18 and 24 months, although recent research indicates that abnormal behaviours may be visible in certain children even earlier. the checklist for autism in toddlers, the modified checklist for autism in toddlers, the psychological development questionnaire-1, and the autism behaviour checklist are some of the commonly used screening tools in practice for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. The majority of interventions are non-pharmacological and depend on behavioural modification strategies. Pharmacological therapy should only be used to treat target symptoms that are resistant to behavioural treatment. Although there is no cure, prompt and suitable intervention can dramatically raise the quality of life for children. The purpose of this research is to review the screening tools, interventions, and strategies for early identification and management of autism spectrum disorder.