ABSTRACT
Purpose@#One of the essential goals regarding the successful control of rabies infection is the development of a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine. the current study aimed to evaluate the inactivation potential of β-propiolactone (βPL), binary ethyleneimine (BEI), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). @*Materials and Methods@#Estimating the inactivation kinetics of βPL, BEI, and H2O2 revealed that the tested inactivants could completely and irreversibly inactivate rabies virus within 2, 12, and 4 hours, respectively while maintaining its viral immunogenicity. The potency of βPL, BEI, and H2O2 inactivated vaccines was higher than the World Health Organization acceptance limit and were in the order of 3.75, 4.21, and 3.64 IU/mL, respectively. Monitoring the humoral and cellular immunity elicited post-immunization using Staphylococcus aureus derived hyaluronic acid (HA) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin purified protein derivative (PPD) adjuvanted rabies vaccine candidates were carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. @*Results@# @*Results@#demonstrated that both adjuvants could progressively enhance the release of anti-rabies total immunoglobulin G as well as the pro-inflammatory mediators (interferon-gamma and interleukin-5) relative to time. However, a higher immune response was developed in the case of HA adjuvanted rabies vaccine compared to PPD adjuvanted one. The harmful consequences of the tested adjuvants were considered via investigating the histopathological changes in the tissues of the immunized rats using hematoxylin and eosin stain. Lower adverse effects were observed post-vaccination with HA and PPD adjuvanted vaccines compared to that detected following administration of the currently used alum as standard adjuvant. @*Conclusion@#Our findings suggested that HA and PPD could serve as a promising platform for the development of newly adjuvanted rabies vaccines with elevated immune enhancing potentials and lower risk of health hazards.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immune-enhancing potential of Salmonella typhimurium outer membrane protein (OMP) and alum as adjuvants towards inactivated Vero cells rabies vaccine (FRV/K2). @*Materials and Methods@#Six groups of female Sprague Dawley albino rats (10/group) were used in the evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of vaccines and adjuvants. Total immunoglobulin G secreted interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and the percentage of proliferated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were measured. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination were used to test safety profiles. @*Results@#OMP adjuvanted rabies vaccine (FRV/K2+OMP) (OMP combined locally prepared vaccine) induced significantly higher neutralizing antibodies on day 21 post-vaccination relative to free (FRV/K2) vaccine and alum adsorbed vaccine (FRV/K2+alum) (alum adsorbed locally prepared vaccine). (FRV/K2+OMP) induced a significantly higher level of IFN-γ on day 14 post-vaccination. CD8+ T cells were significantly higher post-vaccination with reference (RV), free (FRV/K2), and (FRV/K2+OMP) than (FRV/K2+alum). On the contrary, CD4+ T cells were significantly elevated post-vaccination with (FRV/K2+alum) at p<0.05. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination revealed that OMP could be used safely as an adjuvant for the development of more effective rabies vaccines. @*Conclusion@#Outer membrane proteins adjuvanted rabies vaccines would be beneficial to induce rapid neutralizing antibodies and essential cytokines.
ABSTRACT
To predict the self-life of the lyophilized BCG during accelerated stability study. Bacillus Calmette and Guerin [BCG] has been commonly known as an anti tuberculosis vaccine since its first introduction in Paris by Calmette and Guerin. Later it was discovered as an important immunotherapeutic agent for treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Only two internationally freeze dried BCG products are approved for bladder cancer treatment worldwide due to several restrictions in WHO guidelines. Other manufactures can only distribute their BCG products in their local markets. BCG was suspended into three stabilizer systems containing 15% w/v trehalose, trehalose-gelatin mixture [in ratio, 30:1 w/w] or lactose. The prepared formulae were lyophilized and the lyophilized formulae were stored at 5 degree C, 60% RH for the accelerated study. Scheduled pulling out of samples to test their viabilities was performed according to a stability plan. Shelf-life of each formula was estimated using Q10 method. Lactose as a stabilizer was found to be superior over trehalose or trehalosegelatin mixture. Shelf life estimates using Q10 method were about 330 days with Trehalose, 176 days with Trehalose-gelatin and more than two years with lactose compared with 100 days for liquid BCG-T. Lactose was unique in extending the shelf approximately double the period that was attainable with Trehalose. Meanwhile, Trehalose-gelatin mixture appeared to be the lowest in BCG protection
Subject(s)
BCG Vaccine , Freeze Drying , Antineoplastic Agents , Drug StabilityABSTRACT
Rabies cell culture vaccine [Vero-Rab] showed to be more immunogenic and a higher and faster release of antibody titer could be detected than in case of using Fermi type vaccine, DEV and CECV. Result: The immune response of NIH mice immunized intramuscularly using both vE - Se adjuvated and non adjuvated Vero cell rabies virus vaccine [Vero-Rab] showed an elevation of antibody level of vaccinated mice groups more than the limits decided by WHO for a potent rabies virus vaccine. Also, two different immunization regimens were achieved, 5 single doses and 3 double doses of vE-selenium adjuvated and non adjuvated Vero cell rabies virus vaccine. The antibodies developed against rabies virus vaccine could be detected 14 days post immunization using ELISA and IFA. The antibody level developed in sera of mice immunized, with either adjuvated and non adjuvanted Vero-Rab., using different immunization regimens, could protect mice against the challenge with 100 MICLD[50] of the challenge virus standard [CVS] after the end of the experiment, [6 months of the prim-vaccination]. vE-Se as immune potentiator can enhance the immune response and single dose immunization regimen without vE-Se as immune stimulant was preferred than double dose regimen