A Mini Review Study on Mitochondria and Citrate Synthase

The regulation of energy production characterizes mitochondrial respiration. A major cycle conquers inside the mitochondria, which regulates this process. This cycle is called the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Citrate synthase is an essential marker of mitochondria. Moreover, it works as a key enzyme in many processes inside the mitochondria. It utilizes the acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate that participate in energy production inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria known as the powerhouse of the cell. However, their function is extending beyond the energy production. They are very well known for cellular, enzymatic and metabolism pathway. Moreover, mitochondria play a vital role in the function of skeletal muscle and metabolism. Insulin resistance is somehow considered related to an imbalance in mitochondria oxidative capacity. The coordination between citrate synthase and mitochondria has been studies in many labs and research were done but still the exact mechanisms is still unclear. This mini-review elucidates the vital information about mitochondria, citrate synthase, and their relation to obesity and insulin resistance.

Healthy Schools Framework in Saudi Arabia: A Narrative Review

The Healthy School (or Health-Promoting School as a term used by WHO and other countries) is a whole-school approach to promoting health in a school setting. Healthy Schools and Health-Promoting Schools frameworks extend around the globe are important strategies that provide opportunities to improve the health of children and adolescents and to tackle health inequalities in the population. Two decades since the Healthy Schools framework was advocated in Saudi Arabia. This paper sets out to review relevant literature and reports related to Healthy Schools in Saudi Arabia. Very few studies have been conducted to assess the Health Schools framework. The findings showed that there is a gap between the ideal concepts of the Healthy Schools framework and current implementation. Promoting healthy diet and physical activity as a starting point for wider implementation. Providing financial resources and ongoing capacity-building opportunities for the teachers and associated school staff. Collaboration between the health and education sectors is required to provide a prolonged framework for monitoring and evaluating the healthy schools outcomes.

Detection and screening of obstructive sleep apnea in primary care

The most prevalent sleep-related breathing condition, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is linked to greater morbidity and poor cardiovascular outcomes. Even though sleep disorders are frequently present, primary care physicians hardly see or treat them. Better OSA symptom and intensity identification and classification to support OSA evaluation and diagnosis were the first outcomes of a task group of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine that produced quality metrics for the treatment of adult patients with the condition in 2015. The OSA screening tools (Berlin questionnaire, Epworth sleepiness scale, STOP Bang) have proven to be effective instruments for screening of sleep disorders. The present primary care practice approach for OSA screening and evaluation is disorganized and inadequate. Patients with OSA symptomatology are seen by primary care physicians, but they are not regularly screened, assessed, or referred to a sleep specialist. For the OSA screening assessments in general practice, more psychometric investigations are required. The findings from these investigations can be applied in real-world settings to improve OSA identification.