Water quality analysis of Kharaa and Orkhon river / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

INTRODUCTION:According to the report from 2010, Mongolian water consumption was 550 million cubic meter andapproximately 9.1% of the total Mongolian population obtain their water from inadequate hygiene waterresources - springs and rivers. Due to non-hygiene water usage has caused water-born communicableand non communicable diseases among the population. In the last years there has been issue of pollutionof one of the Mongolia’s more representative river Selenge and its following rivers -Kharaa, Orkhon andit is necessary to evaluate water pollution of these rivers.GOAL:To determine water chemical and biological pollution of Kharaa and Orkhon river and to evaluate waterqualityMaterials and MethodsWe collected water, sediments and macro invertebrates sample from three points of river -upstream,midstream, downstream and for Kharaa river the samples were collected from Tunkhel, Mandal andBayangol soum, fo Orkhon river the sequence was Orkhontuul, Orkhon, Khushaat soum. Samples werecollected June, August, October of 2011, 2013.In water sample, we determined physic-chemical 15 parameters including temperature, pH, total dissolvedsolids, conductivity, smell, color, hardness, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, dissolved oxygen,biological oxygen demand and mercury using their standard methods. Macro invertebrate samples werecollected to evaluate water quality and we determined mercury in sediments and macroinvertebratesamples to evaluate mercury contamination.RESULT:Physic-chemical results of the water showed that water of Kharaa, Orkhon rivers were classified lowmineralized, soft water and nutrient pollution indicators for ‘slightly polluted’category. For dissolved andbiochemical oxygen, they were belong to the category of ‘pure water’.There were no correlation between 2012 and 2013 results and mercury in water, sediments and macroinvertebrates were qualified standard value.CONCLUSION:According to research results water quality of Kharaa, Orkhon river was good and have less pollution andit is possible to use in household consumption after proper cleaning and disinfection.

Study result of relationship of respiratory diseases among 0-16 year old children and climate change in Mongolia / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

IntroductionClimate change has already been started in Mongolia. The frequency of natural disaster such as drought, zud disaster, snow storm, hot and cold extreme weather, and earthquake has increased every year. As per daily information of meteorological stations, annual air temperature has been increased since 1960. Children is more sensitive in varies environmental impacts compared with adults and adverse effects caused by climate changes can be remained in all lives and it can be irreversible. Relation between climate change and children’s health is one of the issues which have not been studied yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between respiratory diseases of children and climate change as well as some air pollution parameters.Materials and MethodsStudy was carried out by cross-sectional study design. According to the regional climate classification of Mongolia, Zavkhan, Selenge, Dornod and Umnugovi provinces was selected as a target area of the study. The relationship between respiratory disease of children and climate change as well as some air pollution parameters were analyzed based on statistical data of Health Departments and Family doctors’ documentation of those provinces for prevalence and incidence of respiratory disease among the children aged 0-16 and daily information of climate parameters such as air temperature, air pressure, relative humidity and precipitation status taken from selected provinces Meteorological Departments and data for air quality basic parameters (SO2, NO2, CO2, PM 10) taken from Air Quality Department of Ulaanbaatar city.ResultsRespiratory diseases among the target ages were registered highly (70.7%) in age of 0-5 years. According to the comparison results in incidence rate of respiratory diseases by region, upper respiratory tract diseases (J09-J18) and lower respiratory tract diseases (J20-J22) were registered in Umnugovi aimag (254.75 and 50.42cases per 10000 children)which belong to very dry and warm regions and Dornod aimag (121.62 and 26.11 cases per 10000 children) which belong to dryish cold regions in 2010. Respiratory tract diseases (J09-J18, J20-J22) were correlated weak indirectly with average air temperature and minimum average air temperature. It was correlated weak directly with wind speed and air pressure. Respiratory tract diseases (J09- J18, J20-J22) were correlated directly with SO2 concentration in air (r=0.269, p>0.001) and NO2 (r=0.286, p>0.001).ConclusionClimate change and air pollution could be influenced on the increase of morbidity of respiratory tract infections. Some air pollution parameters such as SO2, NO2 and PM2.5 and air temperature, air pressure, relative humidity and wind speed are the causes of respiratory tract infections among the children aged 0-16.

Results of Study of Mongolian Pupil’s Learning Abilities / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

INTRODUSTION: There have been limited research studies done in Mongolia on health status of children in relation to density of children in school classrooms.GOAL: This study aims to evaluate learning ability of children in Mongolia and develop recommendations for next intervention measures.MATERIALS AN METHODS: A total of 1440 children were surveyed in a cross sectional study that included 6 classes from 6 secondary schools of UB city, Uvurhangai and Dornod aimags. The test of letter drawing created by of V.Ya.Anfi mova was used to evaluate the pupil’s learning skills. This test was performed at the fi rst and last classes in each day of which was tested at the beginning (I quarter or September) and end (IV quarter or May) of the academic year.For each tests we accounted the mean of drawing letter, mean of mistake for 500 letter and standard deviation.RESULTS: The results of pupil’s letter drawing tests were compared by quarter for fi rst and last classes in each day. Pupil’s learning ability of class 4 was enough while other classes were not enough (P index 1) on the fi rst and last tests.CONCLUSION: Pupil’s learning ability has been changed by the same way of physiological adaptation process of child.Pupil’s learning ability had been decreased in last tests of each day and on Friday which was revealed by letter drawing test.Pupil’s learning ability of classes between 4 to 9 were not enough on the fi rst term while 4th class was good enough on the forth term (P index 1).

The Hygienic Assessment of Secondary School of Organization of Teaching and Educational Activity, Chemical and Bacterial Contamination On Teaching Environment / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

NEED FOR STUDY AND GOAL: There is no data available on pupil’s health with relation to the school environmental condition and organization of educational activities in Mongolia. Therefore, the goal of the study was to assess organization of the educational activities and conduct hygienic assessment of chemical and bacteriological contamination in the school environment.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1440 children were surveyed in this cross sectional study from the 6 secondary schools of UB city, Uvurhangai and Dornod aimags.Hygiene conditions of school was assessed and organization of educational activities evaluated by class timetable and pupil’s notes of daily regime.RESULT: Timetable of lessons: It was observed that in some cases teachers’ taught to primary pupils Mathematics and Mongolian language for 2 sequential hours, depending on some indexes such as lesson content, capacity and student’s activity. According to timetable of lessons of the secondary schools, pupils have lessons for 32-34 hours in a week. It was revealed that most schools have 2-3 hours more than standard timetable and heavy lessons were taught for 2-3 sequential hours. For the secondary classes, average length of classes was 32-34 hours in a week which indicates 2-3 hours longer timetable. There was no special place for physical training and movement games etc where pupil can do physical exercise, relax and enjoy school life. DAILY REGIME: pupils have been spending most of their time watching TV and listening music and spending few hours to help housework, to read a book and to prepare meal. Urban pupils spent total of 0.5-1 hour for coming to school and going to home but rural pupils spent 20-30 minutes approximately. RESULT OF THE LABORATORY ANALYSIS: The bacteriological analysis of 36 classes in schools showed that before lesson, 94.4% of classes were clean while 5.6% was contaminated in first season of school year. After the lesson, percentage of classes without contamination had been dropped to 88.8% and classes with contamination had been increased to 11.2%. In the 4th season of school year, before lesson 61.6% of classes was clean and 16.6% was contaminated and 22.3% was highly contaminated. Moreover, after the lesson, classes without contamination had been dropped to 27.7% while 72.3% was at high level contamination.CONCLUSION: 1. Time table of lessons and break time management is inadequate in the schools and 32-39.1% of pupils do not follow the daily regime. 2. In the end of day, chemical and bacteriological contamination increased in the classes.

Result of the Study of Some Influencing Factors of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Among Children Under 5 Years Old in Mongolia / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

In recent years, not only in our country also in other foreign countries, there is a tendency that the number of newborn with the developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is going to be increased. For our country, there are few research activities or analyses on negative factors for anomaly, and prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip or birth defects of hip. In addition, it considers that birth defect is increasing involved with external environment contamination and other unpleasant factors of population and decision-makers. In conclusion, there is a tendency of increasing DDH cases among the newborns and the above risk factors may affect in certain extent. We need to conduct in-depth study on prevalence and risk factor to DDH in Mongolia and develop further on prevention and management of DDH in newborns. Goal To study some risk factors infl uences to DDH in under 5 years old children and develop further on prevention and management of DDH in newborns. Materials and Methods The sampling size of the research is based on the number of under 5 years old children with DDH diagnose or Q18-79 classifi cation, and the number of under 5 years old children with DDH who are under the control of family physicians in central 6 districts (BZD, BGD, SBD, SKHD, KHUD, and CHD), Ulaanbaatar city. In addition, we have selected total 90 mothers with under 5 years old children who were treated, and served by outpatient visit in district clinics for case group. Occupational physicians diagnosed these children and certifi ed that they have DDH. In addition, we have selected total 90 mothers by 1:1 with under 5 years old healthy children with it sex and ages above-mentioned using sampling method for control group. The following programs were used to analyze the data: The study data was entered by Excel spreadsheets. SPSS 11.4 program was used to analyze the data. Result In our research, and 55 or 61.1% of the children are girls and 35 children or 38.9% are boys. First-born children are 57.8% of case group mothers and 52.2% of control group mothers. In consideration for birth type of babies involved in our research, 22.2% of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip and dislocated hip were born by caesarean section, and in statistic probability, most of them are girls (p=0.08.t=2.8). The relevance of birth type has a direct low (Rxy=0.3) bearing on the fetal lie and the wrong fetal lie is the cause of caesarean section. In case group, average birth weight is 317668.5, the limit of weight is 1400-4600 kg while in control group average birth weight is 327853.2, the limit of weight is 1900-4500 kg (p=0.14). 14.5% of the case group children in our research have hereditary disease, 7.8% of that are from female side and 6.7% (p=0.04) are from male side and for control group children with developmental dysplasia of the hip and dislocated hip, 4.4% of them are from female side disease. In the clarifi cation of previous pregnancy of mother with DDH baby now, it says that 18.9% of total mothers have negative genetic and most of them had had an abortion and natural abortion in repeated amount. The negative genetic of mothers previous pregnancy in case and control group is deferent in its statistical probability (p=0.006). 4.4% of mothers with DDH defect had given a birth before with DDH defects also. Case group children were also clarifi ed if they have other birth defects. In the result of the clarifi cation, there are 6 or 6.7% of case group children with other birth defect and 4 of them have cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac ventricle fi stula, 1 with elbowjoint defect, and 1 with ankle joint and heel, for control group, there are 3 children or 3.3% with birth cardiac defects (OR=2.07;0.5-8.5). 74.4% of control group mothers were kept under the control when they were in their 1-3rd month of pregnancy and 25.6% of them were kept under the control when they were in their 4-6th month of pregnancy (p=0.06). Most of the case group mothers or 65.6% and 48.9% of control group mothers had anaemia. Anaemia is different between the case and control group in statistical probability (p=0.024). 51.1% of case group and 32.2% of control group mothers were suffered communicable disease. Communicable disease is different between the case and control group in statistical probability (OR=2.2 (1.201-4.028), p=0.01). 93.5% of case group and 93.1% of control group mothers had suffered from diseases like infl uenza and influenza. 85.6% of case group, 28.9% of control group mothers were with chronic diseases. Mothers chronic diseases is is different between the case and control group in statistical probability (OR=14.58 (6.93-30.67), p=0.005). Conclusion: 1. For DDH had become such factors as heritage, age of mother, pregnancy surveillance time period, birth weight of the baby, pregnancy complications and ailments, mothers virus infection, anemia, chronic diseases, working conditions, use of medications and preparations that infl uence both singularly or jointly. 2. It is possible to prevent those factors and for doing this, it is in need of providing the women of age of possible pregnancy, nursing mothers, and parents with necessary information by the family and midwife gynecologist doctors.