ABSTRACT
Background: Nowadays, the resistance to antibiotics in bacteria encountered many physicians around the world; it is an issue that has created numerous problems in the treatment, like urinary tract infection, as a common infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence of tetracycline resistant genes in Enterobacteriaceae family [Proteus, Enterobacter and Klebsiella] isolated from urine samples
Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, 230 samples of urinary infection were collected from patients. They were identified by using diagnostic biochemical tests and then antibiotic susceptibility tests were used by ticarcillin, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, streptomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline antibiotics. Afterwards, DNA plasmids were extracted and PCR was performed by coding proprietary primers resistant to tetracycline [TetA, TetB]
Results: Of 230 suspicious samples, 120 were confirmed after biochemical tests, including 88 Kebsiella, 20 Proteus and 12 Enterobacter. The antibiotic susceptibility test of tetracycline showed 38.33% sensitivity and 34.99% resistance for Klebsiella, 6.66% sensitivity and 3.33% resistance for Enterobacter, and 2.5% sensitivity and 14.16% resistance for Proteus. Out of the 120 samples, 25 Tet[A] gene and 36 Tet[B] were detected
Conclusion: The comparison between the results of cultures and PCR method for the genes Tet[A] and Tet[B] showed that PCR method confirmed antibiogram tests, but for improving sensitivity, accuracy and specificity, other coding tetracycline resistance genes should be studied to reach more conclusive results
ABSTRACT
There is a concern on safety of human Fresh Frozen Plasma [FFP] as it is a source of some medicinal products. The possibility of transmission of blood-borne are reported often due to emerging viruses. There are some Pathogen Reduction Technologies [PRT] to inactivate viruses. Methylene Blue [MB] based method is one of them. The aim of this study was to examine new designated device to inactivate model viruses. Four model viruses were used in this study: Vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV], Herpes Simplex Virus I [HSV-1], Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus [BVDV] and Polio Virus. 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose [TCID 50] and Reed-Muench Methods were used to titer the viruses. MB in two final concentration of 0.1 microM and 1 microM and illumination in about 627 nm with red LED [Lamp Emitting Diode] for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes were used. Three replicates employed for each experiments. 1 microM concentration of MB showed more effective than 0.1 microM in all designed illumination period for inactivation of HSV, VSV and BVDV. This method also demonstrated best results for enveloped model viruses. The most Log reduction for HSV, VSV and BVDV were 6.28, 5.54 and 6.22, respectively. For HSV and BVDV inactivation, the best illumination period was 45 minutes. Model viruses showed sensitivity combination of MB and illumination using red LEDs. As results show this device could inactivate model viruses and reduce their titer very close to approved commercial devices, in compare