ABSTRACT
Sleep is an active and complex rhythmic state that may be affected by the aging process. The purpose of present research was to investigate the effect of low and moderate intensity aerobic exercises on sleep quality in older adults. The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical sample included 45 volunteer elderly men with age range of 60-70 years-old that divided randomly in two experimental groups [aerobic exercise with low and moderate intensity] and one control group. In each group selected 15 older adults based on inclusion and exclusion criteria [such as, without sleep apnea, not smoking, and no taking hypnotic drugs]. First, all subjects were evaluated by a doctor to confirm their physical and mental health. Also, the maximum heart rate [MaxHR] of subjects was obtained by subtracting one's age from 220. Furthermore, based on aerobic exercise type [40-50% MaxHR for low intensity group and 60-70% MaxHR for moderate intensity group] the target MaxHR was calculated for each subject. The exercise protocol consisted of 8 weeks aerobic exercises [2 sessions in per-week] based on Rockport one-mile walking/running test and the control group continued their daily activities. All subjects in per-test and post-test stages completed the Petersburg Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]. In pre-test stage, results showed that there were no significant differences between control and experimental groups in sleep quality and its components [P > 0.05]. On the other hand, results in post-test stage showed that there were significant differences between control and experimental groups in these variables [P < 0.05]. Also, the Turkey Post Hoc showed that the moderate intensity group scores in total sleep quality and its components were better than other groups [P < 0.05]. Finally, the low intensity group scores in total sleep quality and its components were better than control group [P < 0.05]. Generally, the present research showed that the aerobic exercises with moderate intensity [60-70% MaxHR] have a positive and significant effect on sleep quality and its components. Thus, based on these findings, the aerobic exercises with moderate intensity is a useful to improve the sleep quality and its components among community older adults were recommended
ABSTRACT
Objective: To examine the effect of age, sex and obesity on Fundamental Motor Skills [FMS] in 4 to 6 years old children
Methodology: A total of 400 preschool children [200 boys and 200 girls] between the ages of 4 to 6 years old participated in this research. Subjects were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. Fundamental motor skills [FMS] were assessed with using the OSU-SIGMA scale. Body mass index [BMI] was directly measured from height[m][2]/weight[kg] for each child and based on CDC growth charts, normal weight, overweight and obesity were defined
Results: The results showed that age and sex variables were a significant effect on walking and running skills, but BMI was not significant [P > 0.05]. Also, these variables had a significant effect on jumping, skipping, hopping and ladder climbing. In both ages, boys in jumping and ladder climbing skills were better than girls, but the girls were better in skipping and hopping skills [P < 0.05]. Moreover, the results showed that age and BMI variables have a significant effect on stair climbing skill, but sex was not significant [P > 0.05]. For object control skills, the results showed that age and sex variables were a significant effect on catching and throwing skills, but BMI was not significant [P > 0.05]. Finally, the age, sex and BMI variables were a significant effect on kicking and sticking skills
Conclusion: This research demonstrated that boys performed better than girls, and both overweight and obese children have lower performance than normal children