ABSTRACT
To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens in the patients of urinary tract infection reporting at a tertiary care hospital. Laboratory based study. Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from January to December 2012. A total of 440 culture positive bacterial isolates from 1110 urine samples; submitted over a period of one year were included in this study. Identification of bacterial isolates was done by standard biochemical profile of the organisms. The antimicrobial susceptibility of culture positive bacterial isolates was performed by disk diffusion method as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines [CLSI]. Out of the 440 culture positive urine samples, 152 [34.6%] were from indoor patients whereas 288 [65.4%] from outdoor patients. Gram negative bacteria accounted for 414 [94%] of the total isolates while rest of the 26 [6%] were Gram positive bacteria. The most prevalent bacterial isolate was Escherichia [E.] coli 270 [61.3%] followed by Pseudomonas [P.] aeruginosa 52 [12%] and Klebsiella [K.] pneumoniae 42 [9.5%]. The susceptibility pattern of E. coli showed that 96.2% of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem, 85.1% to amikacin, 80.7% to piperacillin/tazobactam and 72.6% to nitrofurantoin. In case of P. aeruginsosa, 73% bacterial isolates were sensitive to tazobactam/piperacillin, 69.2% to sulbactam/cefoperazone and 65.38% to imipenem. The antibiogram of K. pneumoniae has revealed that 76.1% of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem and 52.3% to piperacillin/tazobactam. Nitrofurantoin and imipenem were the most effective antimicrobials amongst the Enterococcus spp. as 92.3% showed susceptibility to this bacterial isolate. Majority of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam while susceptibility to most of the commonly used oral antibiotics was very low. Among the oral antimicrobials, nitrofurantoin showed good susceptibility against Enterobacteriaceae family and Gram positive organisms
ABSTRACT
To determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care setting. Descriptive study. Microbiology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi from March 2011 to April 2012. Two hundred isolates of MRSA recovered from various clinical specimens sent to AFIP for culture and sensitivity were identified using standard microbiological techniques and the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out employing Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The Susceptibility pattern of isolates was recorded in percentages. Of the 200 MRSA isolated, all[100%] were susceptiblr to vancomycin and Linezolid followed by 88% to tigecycline, 81% to chloramphenicol, 66% to amikacin, 62.5% to clindamycin, 52.5% to doxycycline, 36% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 29% to gentamicin, 28.5% to erythromycin and 26.5% to ciprofloxacin. The results show that linezolid and vacomycin hold excellent in vitro efficacy against MRSA whereas doxycyline, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, erthromycin and ciprofloxacin have poor sensitivity.
Subject(s)
Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Tertiary Care CentersABSTRACT
Currently fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins are at the forefront of typhoid treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the current drug resistance status of S. Typhi isolates from Faisalabad region by conventional and molecular methods. Drug resistance pattern of 30 clinical isolates [2011] against 8 drugs [nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, cephradine, cefixime, ceftriaxone and cefpodoxime] was determined. MICs were noted by E-test. ESBL production was also tested. Relevant drug resistance genes bla[TEM], bla[OXA], gyrA, gyrB, parC, parE, qnrS and qnrA were targeted and QRDR regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE were sequenced for mutations. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance were seen in 30.0% and 10.0% of isolates respectively. No resistance was detected towards ofloxacin and gatifloxacin. Resistance to cephradine, cefixime, cefpodoxime and ceftriaxone was found in 46.7%, 13.3%, 16.7%, and 3.3% of isolates respectively. In ciprofloxacin resistant isolates a single mutation at codon Ser83 in gyrA gene was detected. A slow increase in ciprofloxacin resistance was indicated. However, newer fluoroquinolones ofloxacin and gatifloxacin are still very effective. Among cephalosporins, ceftriaxone showed promising results but emerging resistance was evident. Fortunately no ESBL producing isolate was detected. No correlation between two groups was detected in emergence of drug resistance
ABSTRACT
Development of a rapid, reliable PCR - based method for molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A directly from blood samples. S. Paratyphi A isolates were used for regular PCR targeting specific region of fliC-a gene. New primers were designed and conditions were optimized for a nested PCR that could be directly applicable on blood samples. The procedure was tested on 70 blood samples from suspected cases of typhoidal infection and comparison made with blood culture. Blood culture was able to diagnose only four patients as infected with S. Paratyphi A. Regular PCR was unable to detect S. Paratyphi A directly from blood where as nested PCR detected S. Paratyphi A in blood of thirteen patients. S. Paratyphi A, which is emerging as a major pathogen can be detected with better sensitivity by nested PCR as compared with blood culture